Today's arrest in the "Grim Sleeper" serial-killing case demonstrates how the sins of the father can be found out through a son's DNA - and why the technique can be controversial.
A 57-year-old one-time LAPD garage attendant named Lonnie Franklin Jr. was arrested in Los Angeles in connection with the string of 10 murders, committed between 1985 and 2007. The killer was nicknamed the "Grim Sleeper" because there was a 14-year break within that string, from 1988 to 2002.
The case puts an unorthodox forensic tool known as familial DNA analysis at center stage. The method is specifically allowed only in two states - California and Colorado - and it's specifically banned in Maryland. New York is OK with using the method, but only if it's an "inadvertent" side effect of a more rigorous data search. The FBI currently has no firm policy on familial DNA matching but is willing to let states share their DNA data for use in the procedure.
Now that familial DNA analysis has come up with a high-profile match, you'll probably be hearing much more about whether it should be used more widely.
Not-quite-perfect match
Why is the technique so controversial? It's because investigators look for not-quite-perfect matches between the DNA left behind at a crime scene and DNA markers taken from a wide sampling of people who may or may not have committed a crime themselves. The goal isn't necessarily to find the suspects, but rather the potential relatives of suspects. If there's a close match, investigators could focus their search on close relatives of the person who matched up - in hopes that the trail will lead to suspects who haven't left a DNA trail themselves.
It's basically a crime-lab variant of the tests widely used to trace your genealogy, but these would be relatives you might not want to feature on your family tree.
Familial DNA searches have been done in Britain for years, and California Attorney General Jerry Brown gave investigators the go-ahead to do the same in the Grim Sleeper case two years ago. A database search came up with a partial but significant match between DNA collected during the investigation and a routine sample taken from Franklin's son. Brown said the son was given a cheek swab after his conviction on a felony weapons charge. LA Weekly reported that the results of the DNA analysis "lit up like a Christmas tree."
The investigators followed up by snagging DNA samples from Franklin himself. A relative of one of the Grim Sleeper victims who was briefed by police said that the sample was left on a restaurant cup, while the Los Angeles Times reported that the DNA was recovered from a discarded piece of pizza. The most likely scenario is that forensic sleuths tested the pizza, the cup and any other items that Franklin might have put to his lips while dining.
District Attorney Steve Cooley told the Times that the arrest "shows the legitimacy" of using partial DNA matches and promised to provide more details at a Thursday news conference.
If the arrest leads to a conviction, the feat will take forensic genetics to a whole new level. But it could raise a whole new crop of questions about genetic privacy as well.
Lifetime genetic surveillance?
In California, for example, the DNA samples are collected after every felony arrest, and may be retained even if the suspect later goes free. That has sparked a legal challenge from the American Civil Liberties Union. The ACLU noted that about a third of all those arrested for felonies in California are not convicted of any crime, and said that "thousands of innocent Californians will be subject to a lifetime of genetic surveillance because a single police officer suspected them of a crime."
The ACLU also said the system could have a "huge racial impact" because a disproportionate number of people of color are already represented in California's criminal justice system, which serves as the main channel for the state's DNA sampling flow (at a rate of roughly 25,000 samples per month). The latest figures show that California has the biggest statewide DNA database in the country, with more than 1.5 million samples. ACLU calls it the third-biggest forensic DNA database in the world, behind the FBI's nationwide CODIS system (which includes the California samples) and Britain's national data bank.
We're right in the midst of a massive crime-lab experiment in DNA collection. The federal government and all 50 states require those convicted of felonies to provide DNA samples, but California is just one of the 23 states that require DNA for felony arrests. Congress and several states, including New York and North Carolina, are currently talking about widening their DNA collection programs to cover arrests as well as convictions.
Proponents of wider DNA testing say that such measures will prevent crime, save lives and provide more protection to the innocent. Opponents say that such measures will put more of a burden on the innocent, and that familial DNA analysis could turn even distant relatives into "genetic informants." I say that the Grim Sleeper case will increase the pressure on lawmakers to bulk up DNA databases across the country, and will lead to wider use of familial DNA as well. Is that a good thing, or a bad thing? What do you say? Weigh in on this issue by leaving a comment below.
More on genetic sleuthing:
- Who's keeping your genetic keys?
- Interactive: Your genetic fingerprints
- DNA collection raises ethical questions
- Gaps in DNA databanks lead to tragedy
- DNA pioneer wants cuts to criminal database
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aye,aye I second the stated motion!
aye,aye I second the stated motion!
Last time I read about the ACLU was when they were trying to get dental benefits for death row inmnates. This is when I realized how much they love criminals. Maybe they could help victims of crime and their families instead. This ACLU is nothing but a perverted and misguided group of people now.
I am glad they caught the killer. Whatever way. If the ACLU is worried about 'racial profiling' because of the majority of racial type/s in jail - maybe those racial types should obey the law so they aren't in jail in the first place. So much 'poor me' mentality. Evey time they catch a perp the defence attorney will drag out his 'sad life'.
Crime is a choice. Many law abiding, honest, hard working people had horrible childhoods and lives - and they chose to make something of themselves - and this is admirable.
There is an old saying 'you become like those you associate with'. The ACLU seem to spend alot of time hanging around/helping the most horrible human beings, so maybe they have become contaminated.
Agreed. Why should people accused or convicted of crimes have any rights? We should execute anyone accused of breaking laws. Or better yet, torture them and then execute them. Think of the money we'd save in court costs and lawyer fees. Stupid ACLU, getting in the way of sweet justice.
I love the smell of democracy in the morning!
You watch way too much TV dude. In the real world the criminal justice system is nothing like you describe.
sar·casm [sahr-kaz-uhm]
–noun
1. harsh or bitter derision or irony
2. a sharply ironical taunt; sneering or cutting remark
For the people so readily willing to turn over DNA information to law enforcement/government access...is there ANY information you wouldn't be willing to give them access to for the purposes of being "safe"?
What about unlimited ability to wiretap phones without a warrant? People sure seemed up in arms about that, but why would you be unless....you had something to hide. There should be no reason you should have a problem with police/government listening in on your calls at any time, I mean, what are you talking about that you don't want anyone to hear?
Henchey, Henchey, Henchey, tsk tsk tsk. Law enforcement already has ready access to ALL your pertinent information. Unless you have been living in a cave for the last 20 years, eating berries and never applying for a driver's licence, a credit card, a car tag, telephone number or paid a utility bill and only being paid in cash in a plain brown envelope we (BIG BROTHER, bwahahaha) already have access to all your records. Some of those records can only be accessed with a court order. Not a secret court of our self-appointed cronies, but an actual district or federal court and a duly (publicly) appointed or elected judge. So, that train has already left the station. Give me your name and the city/state you live in and within 10 minutes, without leaving my office, I can compile an AMAZING amount of information on you. Give me an hour and I'll tell you your social security number, date of birth, marital status, whether you have any outstanding warrants or unpaid parking tickets, what your credit rating is and how many times you been married and whether your alimony/child support payments are up to date. I can tell you EVERY place you've ever lived. I never have to leave my office to do that. So, how does that make you feel, amigo? BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, BWAHAHAHAHAHAA.
What I cannot do is install listening devices in your home, office, car, etc. without a court order. I cannot search your home, office, car (in most cases) and seize your personal property, again, without a duly authorized court order or warrant. Your constitution and your government protect you from all that.
I think you've been listening to Rush Limbaugh just a tad too much.
PEACE
It would be a crime to NOT use this DNA technology in the criminal justice system.
Good and powerful technology when it is used for good. The problem is, our form of government has become more and more corrupt. When, (not if), our government tilts over into tyranny, these powerful tools will be used against people who would have been called patriots in the Revolutionary War. Surrendering privacy now, in the name of "nothing to hide," will only hasten the tyrants control.
What does Alan Boyle mean, in the 3rd paragraph, 4th, 5th, and 6th lines, by "The FBI currently has no firm policy on familial DNA matching but is willing to let states share their DNA data for use in the procedure."
Since when do the states have to wait for the FBI to LET THE STATES SHARE THEIR DNA DATA..."
Mr. Boyle must be a progressive and an Obama supporter.
The FBI is in charge of the CODIS DNA database, which draws upon the various state genetic databases ... that's why the FBI has a role in data-sharing in this case. This item explains the issue in additional depth:
http://www.scienceprogress.org/2009/11/dna-confidential/
I've been a crime victim. It has affected my whole life. I wrestle with this question, because I am for civil liberties. However, if DNA is only one tool used (DNA might appear at a location because a person worked or lived there, and not because they were the assailants), then I think it should be used. If it were up to me, all children born in the US would be DNA tested at birth, and if parents want, also a chip inserted. Then, if anybody would be missing, they could be found much more easily. I think it would also deter crime. It would not violate 4th Amendment rights because it would apply equally to everybody.
The Constitution was written when there were only 5 million people in the country, and it was much easier to find a needle in a haystack. Now it is like finding a needle in 60 haystacks, because America has 60 times the population. DNA evidence is not unlawfully breaking down somebody's door, but only doing computer searches, not invading a person's home or putting them under suspicion needlessly.
There is no organization supporting victims' rights to this degree, because the U.S. Constitution never spelled these out, because it assumed that the rights in the Magna Carta, Roman law, and other European laws would also still be in effect. But now, a victim is legally only a witness to the crime committed against them; "society" is the victim, which means that the victim is victimized twice: by the criminal and by U.S. law. DNA evidence at least makes catching the criminals a little easier, and maybe allows the victims some support from society.
So Elizabeth, when you or someone in your families' DNA is found at the scene of a crime, just because you happened to have been in that area recently, you won't consider that being needlessly placed under suspicion? You're entirely confident that you won't be subjected to extensive investigation by law enforcement due to incidental presence of your genetic material at a crime scene?
Perhaps you could give us a specific example of this, other than something you saw on CSI.
Why not I like it. If you don't have anything to be afraid of then what's the harm.
The analysis and interpretation of DNA test results has the same general set of problems that ultimately exclude so-called "lie detector" (polygraph) tests as evidence, but instead of the problems being caused by patently flawed presumptions pertaining to the small set of variables examined in a polygraph test, the primary problem with DNA tests is that there are so many abstruse and convoluted presumptions that it is a mind-boggling statistical maze where even the most apparently trivial mistake, contamination, misinterpretation, bias, presumption, or tiny bit of molecular or electromagnetic noise has the great potential to produce a "determination" which simply is goofy in the extreme . . .
As a bit of background to what for most folks should be an enlightening bit of information regarding the state of the art with respect to understanding the human genome, human DNA testing, and so forth and so on, when I was in junior high school I had an amazing science teacher, and one of the most important things I learned regarding science is that sometimes an apparently foolish or silly question is not the least bit foolish or silly . . .
Specifically, being an observant teenage mutant at the time, sometime during the middle of the first semester of the science class I became consciously aware of the fact that the teacher used the introductory phrase "They say . . ." a lot, so after pondering this for a while and truly having no idea who "They" actually were, I raised my hand one day and asked the question, "Who are 'They'?", which my teenage mutant classmates found to be quite hilarious . . .
And while I was expecting to be sent to the principal's office for a paddling or some type of punishment for creating a disturbance, I was quite pleasantly surprised by the teacher's reply, since among other things she paused for a moment and then began her reply by noting that while my question certainly had an amusing aspect, in fact it was one of the most important questions one can ask when engaging productively in science, because it focuses attention on presumptions toward the goal of determining how much weight or value to give information, where the fact of the matter is that "They" is so indeterminate that in some respects it is meaningless unless everyone knows precisely who "They" are, as well as the credentials and qualifications of "They", since unless one takes the time to ask what should be one of the first obvious questions, it could be that "They" are a group of bright three-year olds who at the time were a bit buzzed on sugar cookies and Kool-Aid® rather than a group of Nobel Laureates . . .
Consider for example the Human Genome Project, which according to its public relations spokespersons has sequenced the human genome, which certainly is an impressive accomplishment, for sure . . .
For sure!
However, when one takes the time to ask the "They" question to shed a bit of light toward the goal of putting the science into perspective, this is what one discovers after doing a bit of focused web surfing:
[SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project#Genome_donors ]
Summarizing this information a bit, this is the "They":
(1) Female DNA generally was sourced from blood . . .
(2) Male DNA generally was sourced from sperm . . .
(3) White blood cells from two males and two females drawn randomly from a sample of 20 males and 20 females, respectively, were used for some of the work . . .
(4) Much of the DNA came from a single male donor who apparently resides in Buffalo, New York . . .
(5) The related International HapMap Project is using DNA samples from 270 people . . .
So, according to the scientific method used here in the sound isolation studio, the work of the Human Genome Project certainly is impressive, and it is completely and totally spanky to know that it provides a virtual festival of information primarily about a fellow who probably is a huge fan of Buffalo Wings, really . . .
Really!
And in the grand scheme of everything, based on the information I have been able to find in approximately one hour of web surfing, I am not entirely convinced that it makes a lot of sense to base the understanding of the human genome at the dawn of the early 21st century on what literally and figuratively might be some combination of (a) a sample of white blood cells and (b) the apparently high-quality and voluminous sperm of a fellow in Buffalo, New York who, after reading an advertisement in the local newspaper calling for "special donations", decided to go to a local clinic; to donate white blood cells; and perhaps to have a bit of FUN "wanking" or "spanking the monkey", all toward the worthy goal of advancing science for the betterment and enlightenment of others . . .
So, from the scientific perspective here in the sound isolation studio, when I read a news report where a prosecutor or defense attorney makes the claim that the probability of the perpetrator of some crime being or not being the defendant is somewhere in the range of 1 in 1,000,000,000, then I prefer to put this into perspective by pondering how likely it might be intuitively that the current results of the Human Genome Project are based on a grand total of one fellow in Buffalo, New York (a) gifting a small vial of white blood cells and then (b) having a bit of fun with Mr. WIggly™, a Victoria's Secret catalog, some Corn Huskers Lotion® or Vicks® VaporRub®, and a plastic cup, for sure . . .
For sure!
P. S. For those folks who want to get a more detailed perspective on how truly complex DNA evidence testing and interpreting is, these two links provide a few useful clues, really . . .
http://www.bioforensics.com/articles/champion1/champion1.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor%27s_fallacy
Really!
And of course, doing a bit of web surfing on search phrases like "evaluating DNA evidence", "DNA profiling", "forensic DNA", and so forth and so on will provide a virtual festival of clues to the complexities involved in every aspect of DNA gathering, handling, storing, processing, evaluating, and interpreting, for sure . . .
For sure!
From yet another perspective, one of the biggest general problems I have with DNA evidence involves the extensive use of probability, statistics, and formal logic, since as a general rule everything appears to revolve around a ratio that usually is in the range of only one out of one billion or something similar that appears to be either (a) so probable or (b) so improbable that it must be true, since the "one billion" supposedly maps to one billion real people. . .
Yet, when one takes the time to ask the "They" question, the fact of the matter is that at present the DNA of a sample of at least one billion people on this planet never actually has been tested, which in the grand scheme of everything makes all that "one out of one billion" stuff mostly an hypothetical inference which is based on a lot of arbitrary presumptions and elaborate mathematics, which more than anything is puffery in the same sense as the statements, "Nobody doesn't like Sara Lee®" and "Everything is better with Blue Bonnet® on it", really . . .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puffery
Really!
Stated yet another way, while it might appear to be a bit overwhelmingly when a prosecutor or defense attorney suggests that a particular set of the DNA test results is so accurate that it is about as likely to be inaccurate as it is that someone can purchase purchase a lottery ticket and actually win the lottery, the fact of the matter is that people purchase winning lottery tickets every day, even though the probability of winning a lottery is very small, which is fabulous . . .
Fabulous!
This post is quite amazing. It is the longest post in the discussion and says virtually nothing about the issue at hand. Any chance the OP could boil this down to a paragraph containing a couple of concise legal and/or technical question relating to the article. Whatever point you are trying to make is lost in your attempts at humor.
"They" refers to the scientific community that peer reviews material published. And yes it is necessary in most cases to review the credentials of who "they" are. True in anything, not just science. Things do go wrong or need to be revised occasionally but eventually the rubber meets the road and the science sorts itself out.
The limited sample size in the initial HGP is due to the fact that at the time sequencing the entire genome of many many people was technically possible but financially unworkable. I don't quite see how the limited sample size of the HGP relates the accuracy of DNA testing. If anything they compliment each other. Humans and sufficiently genetically diverse that one sample isn't enough to characterize all of humanity, which also means it is very possible to match separate sample based on a DNA fingerprint due to that same uniqueness.
@APB-1977233:
In some respects, this is one of those topics that is not so easy to summarize without making some significant presumptions, since the fact of the matter is that understanding much of anything about it requires a lot of mathematics, chemistry, biology, physics, engineering, computer science, and so forth and so on--including a strong general understanding of law--so even for someone such as myself who is the source of all knowledge in the known universe, getting to anything even remotely resembling a point is difficult at best, really . . .
Really!
Nevertheless, I am very pleased that your interest is piqued in a good way, which for reference generally is the definition I prefer for "piqued", since I prefer "piqued" to "peaked" although the primary definition of "piqued" is not the one I use . . .
If there is a summary version, then it suggests strongly that nothing is simple about anything involved with using DNA evidence in a court proceeding, which for the most part is nearly the opposite of what proponents of DNA evidence like everyone to believe . . .
As you noted, explaining this perspective is not so easy for me to do, and this is due primarily to my general view that the only practical way to explain my perspective requires addressing a virtual festival of presumptions, each of which essentially is a nearly equally complex topic . . .
In no particular order based on significance, perhaps the best presumption to address first involves law and the general mindsets and roles of the various infrastructure players (judges, juries, prosecutors, defense attorneys, law enforcement, expert witnesses, and so forth and so on), where among other things at least one reality is that the infrastructure often is based on the concept of playing a game, where the goal is to win the game rather than to achieve anything relating to actual justice, and while I understand the logic that suggests characterizing a trial as a type of game, my view is that this characterization primarily is a patently bad way to simplify everything for people who quite likely do not have the ability--intrinsic or learned--actually to understand the concept of justice . . .
And based on the existence of something called "The Prosecutor's Fallacy", I think that I am not the only person on this planet who has the somewhat cynical and dismal view of the practical implementation of the legal system in our great nation--noting that there also is a "Defense Attorney's Fallacy", which is explained in this same link . . .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor%27s_fallacy
Stated another way, I give the most weight to the presumption of innocence, and I make it all the stronger by focusing on the most literal interpretation of "beyond a reasonable doubt" and its variations, since from my perspective virtually any even remotely plausible doubt by definition is reasonable . . .
In other words, I am most comfortable having no doubts, at all, since so long as there is even the tiniest doubt, one cannot be certain in an absolute sense . . .
In the grand scheme of everything, this maps to my tendency to give the spirit of the law a bit more weight than the letter of the law, although for me the spirit of the law is not always what its architects might have intended it to be, which by inference tends to make me quite amenable to one of the more abstruse possibilities in determining a judgment or verdict, which to be specific is to declare a law invalid when it simply does not allow what I consider to be a fair and reasonable outcome . . .
And while it might appear that my perspectives should automatically map to no prosecutor wanting me on a jury, the reality is that I might be exactly the type of jurist a prosecutor should want to be part of a jury panel, since earning my vote simply is a matter of proving the case with a sufficient amount of indisputable evidence . . .
For example, consider the O. J. Simpson case where he was accused of murdering his wife and her friend . . .
More than anything, I was virtually dumbfounded that any judge with a functioning mind would have allowed the case to go to trial based on the measly patchwork of "evidence" that the prosecutors assembled, and after watching the entire trial on what at the time was Court TV, I was a bit amazed that it took the jury nearly four hours or so to reach the only possible verdict . . .
And for the folks who might be a bit curious, there are several primary bits of information that convinced me and continue to convince me that the only possible verdict is "not guilty":
(1) Virtually nobody 40 years of age or older who is not a diabetic or does not have a patently strange metabolic system can eat a McDonald's hamburger (a Big Mac or Quarter Pounder as I recall), an order of French Fries, a chocolate malt, and an apple pie starting at approximately 9:25 PM and then do much of anything for at least an hour or two . . .
(2) Anyone who has been in Los Angeles and has experienced a hot and humid summer night knows without doubt that there simply is no way to do the various physical actions O. J. Simpson was accused of doing, since even if one allows the possibility of his wearing some type of protective suit, it would need to be air-conditioned like the space suits that NASA astronauts wear . . .
(3) In a more subtle bit of testimony, one of the first responding criminalists testified that he was bitten repeatedly by ants, but in other testimony which focused on a detailed physical examination of O. J. Simpson, it was noted by the doctor or whoever did the examination that O. J. Simpson had no ant bites. And this was similar to the experiences of the other law enforcement personnel, which perhaps only makes a bit of sense when one knows something about ants, with the primary bit of information being that ants do not appear sua sponte based solely on a strangely compelling attraction to criminalists and other law enforcement personnel, which is one of the many aspects of this case that for a "guilty" verdict essentially would require O. J. Simpson to be so mentally brilliant and physically exceptional that it is mind-boggling, if only because it would require him to be so complete and thorough as to know specifically to apply ant repellent to his body, if there is such a thing as personal body ant repellent . . .
(4) The various detectives and police officers testified that they made the "road trip" to O. J. Simpson's house because they believed that his children might have been in the house and if so might have been in imminent danger. Yet, they made the "road trip" quite a while after arriving at the crime scene, and upon arriving at O. J. Simpson's house and finding the gate locked, they milled around for 30 minutes or so, during which time at least one police officers called his girlfriend or wife on his cellular telephone, and as I recall another police officer ordered a pizza. And this is extraordinarily problematic for me, since in that part of the world there are telephonic search warrants designed specifically to make it as easy and quick as possible for police to get the required permission from a judge by telephone to do a search; at least one police officer had a cellular telephone; none of the law enforcement personnel has any excuse for not knowing about telephonic search warrants; but most importantly any reasonable person, law enforcement or otherwise, would not hesitate to drive through a locked gate if they truly believed that children inside a house were in imminent danger of being injured or killed; and nobody in his or her right mind would wait outside a gate for 30 minutes in this scenario, which insofar as I am concerned is more than sufficient evidence that the detectives and police officers were not credible witnesses and most likely were telling an elaborate set of lies . . .
Of course, I might be the only person other than O. J. Simpson on this planet who has this perspective, but so what . . .
So what!
And the way this relates to the topic is that DNA evidence was a big focus in this trial and was handled for the defense primarily by Barry Scheck, who soon thereafter established the Innocence Project, which is an ongoing effort to use DNA evidence and testing to exonerate people who were falsely convicted and imprisoned based on a virtual festival of glaring misinterpretations and examinations of DNA, as well as inadequate or simply impossible at the time uses of DNA evidence, really . . .
http://www.innocenceproject.org/
Really!
Explained yet another way, one of the most common presumptions is that DNA testing is accurate and precise, hence must be believed, and while there are uses for DNA evidence and testing, when one considers everything involved in DNA testing, there are so many presumptions that it cannot be viewed in any type of high-level and simplistic way, which in the grand scheme of everything is not something that I can explain in a few sentences or paragraphs . . .
For example, if one focuses solely on one of the many computer-based machines used in DNA testing, it does require an advanced degree in Rocketry to understand that a computer-based machine is controlled internally by a set of computer algorithms, and these computer algorithms are designed and programmed by humans, which ultimately makes the computer algorithms highly subject to human error, where since I am a degreed Computer Scientist one cannot help but mention the vast importance of Alan Turing's "Halting Problem", which basically is a variation of Church's Theorem and a few other things that involve paradoxes, where the short version is that for a computer which meets the criteria for being what generally is called a "Turing Machine", a special type of computer algorithm that seeks to prove without doubt that a program is accurate never will reach a definitive conclusion, where the "halting" aspect comes from this special type of computer algorithm indicating that it has reached a definitive conclusion by ending or "halting". . .
This is an example of what happens when a DNA testing machine--in this case a "gene chip"--does not work correctly:
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/09/health/research/09age.html
So, even if the DNA evidence was collected correctly; was not inadvertently or intentionally contaminated; and was examined and analyzed correctly by all the other humans and machines, then something so simple as a tiny and apparently insignificant mistake in the computer algorithm for one of the many machines is all that is required to make the test results complete and total nonsense . . .
For those folks who read and study the news diligently, it should be no surprise that there have been and continue to be life-threatening and life-ending problems with various medical radiology machines, including CATSCAN machines and some of the more advanced machines that are used to apply very specifically focused high-energy radiation in various types of cancer treatments, where all that needs to happen to transform one of these devices into what literally is a lethal weapon is a tiny bit of human operator or computer algorithm malfunction or error . . .
And the reality at the dawn of the early-21st century is that the only people who have any possibility of ensuring that these types of machines work correctly in every possible scenario tend to view everything in such extraordinary detail that explaining even the most simple concepts to everyone else requires pages and pages of apparently--but not actually--random thoughts, for sure . . .
For sure!
Regarding the various mathematics involved in the probability and statistics, the short version is that the numbers become extreme virtually instantly, which is an intrinsic aspect of the various equations, rules, and operations, so while it might appear to be obvious that "only 1 out of a population of 1 billion" is significant, it just as easily can be spurious, where for the folks who do not study dictionaries, "spurious" is a fancy word for "bogus", which itself is a fancy word for "garbage", as in "garbage in, garbage out" . . .
And the primary purpose of providing a few perhaps useful bits of information regarding "They" and the Human Genome Project was to shed a bit of light on the differences that exist among facts and what in political science are called "glittering generalities", where to be specific most of what is provided to the general public regarding DNA testing more than anything is a high-level set of glittering generalities, if only because there are so many steps and processes--both human and machine--that understanding and verifying each and every step, procedure, chemical reaction, and so forth and so on requires so much time, effort, and advanced education and training that it literally and figuratively is beyond the capabilities of most people, which is what makes all the presumptions made for purposes of simplifying everything so patently subject to errors . . .
At the dawn of the early-21st century, I think it is reasonable to suggest that most people have great confidence and faith in the belief that computers and machine are infallible, which simply is nonsense, because it is considerably more likely that computers and machines make mistakes routinely in at least some conditions and circumstances, which can be a combination of human operator error or human programmer error, since at a very low threshold the complexity of a computer-based machine or system becomes a Gestalt which easily becomes mind-boggling, with one of the best recent examples in the news being the acceleration problem affecting Toyota vehicles . . .
In other words, I am quite comfortable with using blood type, since there is sufficient general and specific knowledge of it to make reasonable inferences, and at most it is matter of comparing a handful of things, but I am not comfortable with making a lot of inferences based on DNA evidence, because I think that there is considerably less known about DNA than most folks believe or imagine, which as noted was one of the reasons I provided the information about the Human Genome Project and its "population" . . .
For some mostly unknown reason, modern scientists are ready, willing, and able to declare nearly anything to be a universal fact regardless of how goofy such declarations might be, and while one might presume based on various news reports that we now have a complete map of the human genome, my perspective is that what we actually have is a lot of information about a wanker who lives in Buffalo, New York, as well as perhaps another 300 or so people from various countries around the globe, and I think it is a bit of an absurd leap to presume that we understand much of anything, let alone enough to send someone to prison or to cause them to be executed . . .
And regarding "They", my perspective is that simply being part of some "scientific community" is quite insufficient, even when a "scientific community" conducts a "peer review", with two of the recent examples in the news being the equally bogus stuff coming from Britain regarding the goofy research that suggested (a) vaccines cause autism and (b) global warming is man-made . . .
Eventually, peer reviews and follow-up scientific research tend to resolve problems and to reveal facts, but it takes a while, and it is not made easier by what certainly appears to be a disturbing trend in ethics, where so-called "scientists" devote considerably more attention to promoting their beliefs than to discovering facts, which in part is due to the ongoing nonsense regarding Charles Darwin's various theories and the way they have been moved from the factual realm of science into the goofy realm of cults that are motivated primarily by fanatical beliefs in magic, which incidentally is yet another aspect that sooner or later wanders into mathematics that tend to produce numbers in the billions, which certainly appear to be logical but in the grand scheme of everything mostly are nonsense when one takes the time to consider everything as a Gestalt, where for example while in the relativistic framework of humans it might be the case that the Earth is billions of years old, when the observer changes, so does the timeline, which is one of the more fascinating aspects of Albert Einstein's various theories, where the relativistic time for a person traveling in a spaceship at or near the speed of light is very different from the time experienced by people on the planet from which the traveler embarked, with the real and tangible result being that what might be a few years for the traveler is hundreds or thousands of years for the people who stayed on the planet, which from my perspective tends strongly to suggest that what for me might appear to be billions of years could be--and probably is--just a few days or weeks for God or other type of observer in a different relativistic framework, which is fabulous . . .
Fabulous! :)
That's right Baldenario. Everybody is entitled their own opinions and should be able to say "this is what I believe." or to be able to go into detail the way you do. You have a an amazing gift.
I always enjoy reading your posts whether I agree with a particular issue or not.
@Darrah:
Thanks for the kind words! :)
I definitely have opinions, but over the years I have learned that expressing an opinion in detail sometimes causes it to change, which is one of the reasons I use the opportunity to do as much research as possible, which is a more recent addition to my ongoing routine of writing several pages of thoughts about something every day, which is something I started doing nearly 20 years ago when everything was text-based and people connected to the web via CompuServe and dial-up modems . . .
Once I discovered how to avoid what at the time were called "flame wars", participating in discussions became a lot more FUN, and at this point I generally compose my comments in real-time on the fly at the touch-typing rate of 70 words per minute, although I might do editing, grammar and spell checking, and a bit of additional research for several hours, depending on the topic and how easily I can find whatever supporting information I need, where for example I already knew about the remarkably tiny sample populations used in the Human Genome Project, but it took perhaps an hour or so to find the specific references and some of the other information . . .
I use this same strategy for discussions on guitars and music theory, and it is working very nicely, where as another example approximately two years ago my general view on music theory and classical music notation was that it was a complete and total waste of time, but after discussing various perspectives with guitar players who I know are skilled and talented, I revised my perspective and most recently discovered quite by accident (a) that there is computer-based music composition software and (b) that I know enough about music to do elaborate compositions pretty much off the top of my head, which is a bit mind-boggling . . .
The way it usually works here in the sound isolation studio is that I get stuck on the most astoundingly stupid things, but so long as I am persistent eventually I find a way to get unstuck, which is what happened when I first started teaching myself how to play lead guitar several decades ago but made no progress until I realized that every lead guitar solo ever recorded was played by a guitarist who had at most four fingers and a thumb on each hand . . .
Once I realized that playing lead guitar mostly was a matter (a) of having four fingers and a thumb on each hand and (b) of doing a lot of studying and practicing, it was not very difficult to do . . .
And for music composition, the key to solving the puzzle was discovering that there is computer-based music composition software, since prior to a few months ago I thought that the only way to do it was either (a) in my head or (b) with pencil and paper, and of these two strategies it was so much easier to do it in my head, although it took a while and since I never remembered what I was doing, everything mostly was done in a stream of consciousness way, which in some respects puts limitations on what one can do . . .
Yet, once I discovered the music composition software (Notation 3), it was virtually trivial to use it to compose a song in a new style of Flamenco that I created in May 2010, which is one of the songs on which I am working at present, where among other things I plan to do a Flamenco Dance and Mime reenactment of The Mayan Story of the Creation of the World during the interlude, since more than anything I have an odd sense of humor, which is fabulous . . .
http://www.surfwhammys.com/Surrealeria-06-22-2010.wmv
Fabulous!
The rhythm patterns for Flamenco music are so elaborate that the only way I can do the basic drumming is with music composition software and libraries of high-quality sampled orchestral sounds, which is quite fantastic, since I can add real instruments later to extend everything . . .
And while this has nearly nothing to do with DNA evidence, it is a tiny bit relevant in the sense of being an example of how something that might appear to be nearly trivial actually is extraordinarily complex . . .
The basic rhythm section, chords, and melody for the Flamenco song in the new Surrealería subgenre took perhaps 60 hours to compose, and a good bit of the time was focused on making sense of the music composition software and how it interfaces with the various libraries of orchestral samples, but so what . . .
So what!
When used thoughtfully, technology is very helpful, but it is very important that one focuses on "thoughtfully" at all times, because the fact of the matter is that technology can be abused . . .
To the point, I have no problems generally with using familial DNA techniques as an investigative tool, so long as it is used in ways that are appropriate for the various technologies, which for the most part requires the people doing the work (a) to understand the rules and (b) to follow the rules without wandering outside the boundaries, which is the problem, really . . .
Really!
For example, as noted by another poster, there are real and tangible exceptions to some of the otherwise general rules, where for example it is very important to consider the possibility that some people genetically are a bit different and have more elaborate genetic algorithms, with one example being what in genetics is called a "chimera", really . . .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_%28genetics%29
Really!
Another perhaps more common occurrence is called "mirroring" in identical twins, where depending on the degree of mirroring the twins might be more dissimilar than similar, with one of the more easily understood aspects being that one twin might be more artistic than the other, yet for all practical purposes they are identical in every other respect . . .
And while it might be intuitive to suggest that identical twins have identical fingerprints, this is not the case, which provides a clue to yet another rule for using science and technology as an investigative tool . . .
But more than anything, my perspective continues to be that while DNA evidence and testing can be useful, if I am expected to make a decision in a criminal or civil proceeding, then (a) I need additional evidence and (b) it cannot be solely circumstantial . . .
More specifically, I would never render a "guilty" verdict if there only is circumstantial evidence, no matter how compelling someone might think it is . . .
I need something real and tangible that does not require me to rely on a "best guess" or whatever, since as noted in my earlier posts, I use the most literal definition of "beyond a reasonable doubt", which for me maps to "no doubt", since from my perspective every doubt is reasonable, otherwise it would not be a doubt, for sure . . .
For sure!
P. S. I like your observation where you noted that since the current suspect in the "Grim Sleeper" case was in the California prison system on at least one occasion, why did a supposedly "complete" search of the prison-system DNA database not find a match for the fellow?
If this is what happened, then how reliable is the type of DNA testing and matching done by the state of California?
If it cannot find an apple in an apple orchard, then why should I believe that it can find an orange in an orange grove?
And if if finds an apple, then why should I believe that it is not an orange?
My concern is that while there are good and honest prosecutors, there also are complete and total flakes--nearly all of whom most likely are psychopaths--and the flakes only are interested in winning cases to the degree that they truly have no concerns whatsoever for justice, since for them it is only a game . . .
And this is the reason that the overwhelming burden in my universe is on the prosecutors, since as a group I generally trust them as far as I can toss a concert grand piano . . .
I need to be convinced, and convincing me is not an easy thing to do, which is fabulous . . .
Fabulous!
As a bit of follow-up regarding the observation that it was a bit strange that the suspect in the "Grim Sleeper" case was not identified directly in a search of the state of California's DNA database for people who have been in state prisons, there is an excellent overview of the sequence of events in an MSNBC Nightly News video, and it provides the definitive information . . .
The video report is titled "How did 'Grim Sleeper' suspect elude police?", and it probably will be online at the MSNBC video news website for a few more days . . .
I would provide a link to it, but instead of being a normal link is it something in JavaScript, so this is the URL of the video player window that opens when you click on the JavaScript link:
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/38182390#38182390
According to the report, while the suspect was arrested 15 times over 40 years, he never was sent to state prison, and this is the reason that his DNA was not included in the state prison DNA database . . .
So, as explained in the MSNBC report, when his son was convicted of a crime recently and was sent to state prison, it was his son's DNA that was included in the state prison DNA database, and what one might call a "Fuzzy" match was made on the son's DNA based on a "familial" search, which put his father on the 'Grim Sleeper' list of potential suspects, at which point detectives apparently followed the father for a while and got his DNA from a discarded piece of pizza, which they tested and got a definite match . . .
So, while it appears to be accurate to suggest that the suspect was arrested several times over four decades, none of those arrests resulted in his DNA being included in the state DNA database . . .
And for the record, although none of this changes my basic views on DNA evidence and testing, I certainly have few if any problems with using "familial" and other types of DNA searching as general investigative tools, with the caveat that they are used in what I call "Fuzzy" ways, in the sense of so-called "Fuzzy Math", "Fuzzy Set Theory", and "Fuzzy Logic", which is at least a tiny bit related to various theories regarding fractals, but generally is so abstruse that wikipedia does not have a simple English definition for it, and the mathematical definitions are so advanced that few people--including me--are likely to understand them, but so what . . .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_mathematics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractals
So what!
Yet, there is a simple English overview definition for "Fuzzy Logic", and it is reasonably easy to understand, for sure . . .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic
For sure!
The distinction is that in contrast to traditional Boolean Logic, where everything is in one of three states (TRUE | FALSE | DON'T CARE}--although there actually are only two states {TRUE | FALSE}--in the Fuzzy Logic universe there are what one might call "in-between" states, where something might be "kind of true", "a little bit false", or whatever . . .
Whatever!
So, for example, in the Boolean Logic universe, if you ask someone whether they "like apple pie", there are two possible answers {YES | NO}, but in the Fuzzy Logic universe there is a virtual festival of answers that range from FALSE (0) to TRUE (1) and all points in-between . . .
In other words, while someone might not "like apple pie" in an absolute "all or nothing" sense, they might consider apple pie to be nearer to something they definitely "like" than it is to something that they definitely "dislike" . . .
And since mathematicians over the years have been quite skilled in creating new job opportunities for themselves, Fuzzy Logic appeared on the scene approximately half a century ago in the 1960s during what must have been a temporary lull in the otherwise full employment of mathematicians, which curiously coincided with the appearance of psychedelic drugs, Heavy Metal music, and a vastly increased general public interest in frosted doughnuts with extra sparkles . .
So, in the grand scheme of everything, one way to understand "Fuzzy Logic" is to listen to the song that started it all, "In The Hall Of The Mountain King" (Edvard Grieg), and the two more recent flavors of Grieg's classic song of the 19th century--specifically, "Purple Haze" (The Jimi Hendrix Experience) and the more recent "(I Want) Angela Gossow's Underpants (Ya-Ya-Ya)" (The Surf Whammys), all of which is a stellar example of what I like to call "Extraordinarily Fuzzy Logic™", really . . .
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRpzxKsSEZg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hSW67ySCio
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ecAFV-6rQ7Q
Fabulous!
Explained yet another way, one might suggest that like its predecessor, Extraordinarily Fuzzy Logic is focused more on the strange behaviors that happen in the quantum universe, where (a) nothing is real, both literally and figuratively, and (b) things that might appear to have no possible associations or interrelationships actually have a virtual festival of interdependencies, nearly all of which (c) are remarkably abstruse but nevertheless real and tangible and (d) are quite amenable to participating in various types of quantum entanglement, which among other strange phenomena provides perhaps the only logical explanation for the sequence of jumps that leads one from "In The Hall Of The Mountain King" (Edvard Grieg) to "TAK JE KAK VSE" (A'Studio) by way of "Purple Haze" (The Jimi Hendrix Experience), "(I Want) Angela Gossow's Underpants (Ya-Ya-Ya)" (The Surf Whammys), and the curious fact that the Surf Whammys song continues to be in the Top 10 of Highest Rated "Armenian Christmas" videos at truveo.com, which is a bit mind-boggling, really . . .
http://www.truveo.com/search?query=Armenian%20Christmas#Armenian%20Christmas%20sort:highestRated
[NOTE: I am trying to get the lyrics for "TAK JE KAK VSE" translated from Russian to English by someone who is very skilled in nuances, but based on the music and the visual theme of the video my best guess at present is that the song makes the statement that the world is being destroyed slowly but surely by psychopathic bureaucrats, which certainly is one of the most disturbing realities at the dawn of the early-21st century . . . ]
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmBWFOGu53Q
Really!
P. S. This is the link to the A'Studio website, where there are 12 stellar music videos with high-quality audio and high-resolution video (FLASH), with the most recent songs from 2007 and 2009 being state-of-the-art in every respect, as well as being artistic visual masterpieces and more than a tiny bit surreal, for sure . . .
http://www.astudio.ru/
For sure! :)
Great job, Baldenario!
The Grim Sleeper should have been sent to prison for being a habitual offender. Of course he wouldn't have stayed long, but his DNA would have been taken under those circumstances. Even though there's overcrowding in prisons, SC had them them stacked up in triple bunks at one time. He would have been sent to prison here. I remember a case in which a teenager was sent to prison for a mo. because he stolen a bike. Of course he wasn't place with hardened criminals. But the judges don't play around in SC. And prison has been shown to be a deterrent to some crimes. Of course it wouldn't be the case for the Grim Sleeper, and we're using a lot of "what ifs", but then some lives would have been saved.
My concern is that a savvy defense team can cause doubt among jurors regarding the familial DNA. Therefore we might end up with an acquittal or hung jury. If you can't prove beyond a reasonable doubt, then a murderer walks. And of course by law, he has to be found quilt or innocent within a certain amount of time.
It's a good thing that we have familial DNA (to an extinct) but it should only be used when there are no other alternatives and only by experts.
The folly in opinions like these is that they assume the government will always be righteous in its motivations. That's a lot of trust to place in something that controls your life.
James, are you Eric and Henchey living in a log cabin in the backwoods in Idaho somewhere? If not, you might want to look into it. Just don't sign up for any public utilities, squat on the land, don't buy and don't register your cars or yourselves (or you guns for heaven's sake) and I think you might be safe.
Unless of course if it's me that sent to find you. Then you are doomed, I'll know right where to look for you. BWAHAHAHAHAA
What if DNA could help Police know who the body of the women and men they find who are with no head, legs, armes, ect??? I HOPE for my Childs sake and my Grandchild that it can work! Yes we need to make sure there are Laws to protect the privacy of all who are in the DNA Bank. Not Just the Criminal!!! It Might Just solve a lot of Cases for the Police!!!! The Unsolved ones!!!
I do not like this. It is part of the on going erosion of our constitutional rights. Too many people think: I am innocent I don't have anything to hide, so sure officer search me and my things! Folks, our constitutional rights are SACRED! I think that it is a desecration of every soldier who has died in defense of this country and our constitution, whenever someone says: I have nothing to hide; Search Me, search my things! Voluntarily Giving away your rights is the same as pissing on a soldiers grave and saying you dumb bastard you died in vain, I don't care about my stinking rights. It Is time for people to say no I do not want you to search me; I wish to remain silent; I want a Lawyer; Arrest me or let me go! AMERICAN'S we have the right to JUST SAY NO!
James, do us all a favor and exercise your right to remain silent. Please.
I do not like this. It is part of the on going erosion of our constitutional rights. Too many people think: I am innocent I don't have anything to hide, so sure officer search me and my things! Folks, our constitutional rights are SACRED! I think that it is a desecration of every soldier who has died in defense of this country and our constitution, whenever someone says: I have nothing to hide; Search Me, search my things! Voluntarily Giving away your rights is the same as pissing on a soldiers grave and saying you dumb bastard you died in vain, I don't care about my stinking rights. It Is time for people to say no I do not want you to search me; I wish to remain silent; I want a Lawyer; Arrest me or let me go! AMERICAN'S we have the right to JUST SAY NO!
this is both barbaric and unconstitutional. the constitution gives me the right to privacy and if they can use dna to find a relative of mine and than later track me thats an invasion of that privacy. furthermore california's dna lab holding all those samples of dna from innocent people needs to destroy them. DNA should only be used to track criminals not their families as well. im outraged and if this case goes anywhere because of it it will tie up the courts for years and most likely get overturned because of invasions of privacy.
Eric,
You DO NOT have a constitutional protection against investigation for allegedly committing a crime. You have a right against unlawful search and seizure, but the operative word there in "unlawful".
If you are the prime suspect in a crime, I (as an investigator) have a duty to look at you inside and out (so to speak) past and present, up and down and believe me, I will.
If, on the other hand, you are a law-abiding citizen and NOT the suspect in a possible violation of the law then you will never have the pleasure of meeting me or sitting down in a little room with me for a chat. As a state-certified civil rights investigator I know EVERYONE of your constitutional rights and I will preserve those rights. But trust me amigo, if you are my prime suspect I will leave no stone unturned and I will use every LEGAL means at my disposal to prove your guilt. DNA sampling is just another tool available to me and my fellow investigators. As are court approved wire intercepts (wire taps) search warrants, etc.
And you, my friends, are all safer for the fact that we have those tools at our disposal.
Abuse? Yep, there are those who do that. But the vast majority of investigators through out the world are hard working, law abiding, finders of FACT, not fiction. Evil? No. Necessary? Yes.
PEACE
If 'authority figures' do not have the unrestricted right to search you, your home or listen in on anything you may say or write, they can not just plant evidence to clear a ticket or steal your busisness plan. Can a person think or reason creatively with a whip hanging over their head?
The question is: 'does the government having your DNA information constitute a whip over your head'? What are the chances of the DNA information creating a negative health insurance or employment file? (nothing to do with any type of crime)? In short, we need our rights protected because punishment must be related to guilt and not raw power.
For those of you who are concerned about the DNA information being shared with insurance companies, etc you need to understand that in most states information obtained via law enforcement investigation is not shared and cannot be shared with non-law enforcement personnel. Their files are protected from open records and freedom of information searches and therefore would not be available for plunder by insurance companies or any other non-law enforcement entity without a court order.
PEACE
It's time we started to give more thought and concern to the vicitms of crimes instead of the criminals. I believe the majority of innocent people; people who obey the law and live their lives as a productive member of our society; would not have an issue with giving their DNA. Look at all of the innocent people in jail who have been freed due to DNA evidence. I think in order to get a Social Security Card, you should have to give a DNA sample. Have a country wide DNA data base. Think of all of the man hours it would save every law enforcement agency out there.
Yeah!
The focus here should be that a serial killer has been caught by DNA. It is the most reliable way to match someone to a crime scene. If your family member has disappeared and you are asked for a DNA sample to help identify remains would you? Without a doubt I would. Same goes to help identify a suspected crimnal in the family. What part of CRIME don't you understand? Also, the DNA is used to ELIMINATE suspects focusing scarce police resources in more productive directons. How many cases have there been when a suspect was questioned and released for lack of evidence and later caught by DNA? That is a study worth government and ACLU $s. How I wish the DNA samples taken at birth ended up in CODIS. Do you know how much faster the remains of homicide victims would be identiied? Instead of years and years of a family waiting they could have an answer in months. The faster the remains are identified the faster an investigation can start.
There is a flaw in the logic that if you are innocent you have nothing to fear....
How long do you think the civil rights movement or the protests against the war in Vietnam would have lasted if the police back then had been able to use todays technology? Remember that while we pretend today that everyone supported MLK and opposed the war the truth is that most people considered the protestors criminals. In other words they were not innocent and did have something to fear. Not knowing what tomorrow may bring I have to allow for the fact that I and many other patriotic and law abiding citizens might find ourselves "not innocent" in the future and do have something to fear.
Where were you in '68? I was a war protestor. I appeared at mass rallys against the war. I exercised my constitutional right to freedom of speech and expressed my opposition along with tens of thousands of other Americans. I was never arrested for my views. The only time I was hassled was by the true "patriots", the "America, Love it or Leave it" boys and girls.
The scenario you are attempting to propose is possible under any circumstances and any government. The so-called "patriot act" was an unconstitutional abomination. That single piece of legislation comes closer to your scenario than the creation of a DNA database to aid law enforcement in their efforts to solve and prevent crime.
Where were you when George II and Darth Dick rammed that piece of legislation through the congress?
Here's some more wisdom direct to you from the 60's:
"Paranoia strikes deep, into your heart it will creep, it starts when you're always afraid the man will come and take you away."
Wake up and smell the coffee, it's the 21st century.
PEACE
Hmmm, this is a tough one only because there's laws out there that should not exist or for which punishments should be lessened... or those who committed the crime should be treated by psychologists rather than thrown in prison where they just get worse. Generalizing, and this is rather big generalization, any law where someone is not interfering with or damaging someone else's freedoms or property should be removed from the books before we start making it extremely easy to extract people from society and throw them in jail for years on end, destroying their lives and damaging the economy. It's becoming extremely easy to do this, so the punishments have to at least be lessened or pretty soon most of society is going to have spent time in jail or prison. Oversimplifying this, once you have everyone's DNA, you could just get their DNA off any object that was "violated" or "in violation" of some law and throw that person in jail. I know I've gone to parties in the past where I have done things I would normally never do that didn't hurt anyone except myself and if this particular technology was available at that time I could have ended up in jail for a couple of years had the police come to the scene and extracted my DNA off something.
Consider the slippery slope effect in technology-related ethics that could lead to the following (it's over-the-top on purpose to make a point):
20 years from now there are robotic floating monitors that can instantly scan through walls and have you immediately arrested if you're doing the slightest thing wrong. Because they are so invasive, by law they are only allowed down the same street twice a day. You heard from a friend that the particular street the party is going to be on has already been scanned twice that day and you know that the party is going to be a little "crazy". It's the beginning of summer and the end of a semester of college. You're also only 22 and still trying too hard to impress your friends, so when you go to the party you make the mistake of giving in to peer pressure. You decide to try a small dose of "Zynth", a new drug that releases all stress and gives you a 2 hour feeling to euphoria. It has no known negative side affects but since the drug industry didn't come out with it, they have made sure to get policies put into place that make using the drug extremely illegal. ...Up to 10 years in prison if it's even found in your system! What you don't realize is that the monitors have recently had an upgrade and can now "inadvertently" detect both drugs and DNA from blocks away. One of the policies the drug industry made sure they put into place was that "if the system is not intentionally 'looking' for the use of illegal drugs, but that data is available in it's data stream anyway, then it can still be used in court". So you're breaking the law, but you're an inexperienced overly influenced young adult still trying to figure out the world around you. You have an absolute determination to NEVER allow ANY substance to become a regular occurence in your life, but the law is the law... even IF it's unfairly put into place by a company that paid the government officials billions of dollars to have it there.
Shall we put security cameras in every apartment and allow ourselves to be continuously monitored? You shouldn't be breaking the law anyway, so why would it matter?
Funny thing is, there was an episode of "Law and Order SVU" last night where the perpetrator faked a DNA sample to frame somebody else ... sounds pretty specious, but it made me wonder how much actual research would support that kind of "ripped-from-the-headlines" twist.
Alan, it MUST be true if you saw it on television!
Yes indeed, it's true:
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/science/18dna.html
I could tell this was one of those "Law and Order" plot twists that they tried to base on actual facts. The investigators kept referring to the Israeli research they just found out about (perhaps by reading the newspaper).
When I joined the Army they took my fingerprints. If I ever commit a crime and leave fingerprints behind they will be able to track me. When I left the service in 92 they were beginning to collect DNA.... not sure how big it became. Something about being able to ID remains. So whats the big deal with DNA? Get over it. Privacy is gone.
come get my DNA..please....it will do absolutely no good, i am not a criminal. this would not affect me in the slightest....bottom line DONT BE A CRIMINAL. IF YOU BREAK THE LAW YOU DESERVE TO BE IN THE DATABASE.
I think positives outweigh the negatives. Why not take DNA samples from babies and keep them in a general database? Criminals deserve to pay for their crimes. It might be a valuable deterient.
Everyone who buys, or obtains, any type of fire arm should be required to provide their DNA because they might use such weapons in a crime or anti-government rebellion. If they don't, no issue; but, if they do, better chance to catch them. Also, it might deter some gun crimes.