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Gold electrodes are inserted into a vacuum chamber and cooling assembly. These electrodes are a key part of the trap in which positrons and antiprotons are "mixed" to form antihydrogen.
After years of effort, scientists have confirmed that they've corralled individual atoms of antimatter.
"We're over the moon," Aarhus University's Jeffrey Hangst, spokesman of the ALPHA collaboration at Europe's CERN particle-physics center, told me today. "I think this was the hardest step in the whole business."
Hangst and his ALPHA colleagues report the breakthrough in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature.
What's so big about making antimatter? On one level, it sounds like the sort of thing mad scientists would do -- for instance, in the Dan Brown thriller "Angels and Demons," which was made into a movie last year. But on a deeper level, studying antimatter sheds light on the fundamental structure of the universe.
In the beginning, equal amounts of matter and antimatter came into existence. At least that's what scientists believe. Today, antimatter is virtually absent in the natural world. Physicists assume that all that antimatter was annihilated when it came into contact with matter -- and that for some as-yet-unknown reason, the matter we know and love had enough of an advantage for a remnant to survive.
Some of the scientists at CERN are using the Large Hadron Collider to sort out that antimatter mystery, but Hangst and others work at a different facility, known as the Antimatter Decelerator. ALPHA is one of the scientific collaborations that has been mixing antiparticles -- positrons and antiprotons -- to try to create whole atoms of antihydrogen.
It's not easy, because of that mutual-annihilation issue. Hangst said the first trick was to combine the particles in a super-cold vacuum setting --- less than 0.5 Kelvin, or -458.8 degrees Fahrenheit. That way, the particles don't instantly jump away and fizzle out. The second trick is to build a magnetic trap to help contain the particles so that they don't instantly decay. And there's a third trick: designing a system capable of verifying that the atoms actually exist.
"You must have a trap, and you must be cold, and you must be able to detect that you've done this," Hangst said.
The ALPHA team's detection system looked for the particles given off when the anti-atoms eventually decayed.
"When antihydrogen decays inside the ALPHA experiment, it emits particles, called pions, from the point at which it exists," the University of Liverpool's Paul Nolan, another member of the ALPHA team, explained in a news release. "Our detector surrounds the area where antihydrogen is formed, and for each pion emitted we get three points as it travels outwards. Using a computer, we can then construct a line between these points and trace it back to the origin of the antihydrogen."
When tens of millions of antiparticles were combined within ALPHA's magnetic trap, the system spotted 38 "annihilation events," verifying the existence of 38 antihydrogen atoms. The atoms lasted for just a tenth of a second, but even that duration would be long enough to allow for further study.
Hangst said the detection marked a "giant leap" toward understanding the properties of antihydrogen, and perhaps eventually sorting out the mystery behind the matter-antimatter imbalance. "Now we have to design the next device, the one that can actually do precision measurements," he said.
Hangst now feels the next giant leap -- measuring the spectrum of antihydrogen and seeing how it compares with regular hydrogen -- is in sight. "I've never been more confident that we can do this," he told me. "It's going to take some years, but the dream of shining laser light on antihydrogen and interrogating its structure is close now."
ALPHA isn't the only scientific collaboration trying to make antihydrogen. Another group, called ATRAP, is using the same facility. "This was a race between us and ATRAP, trying to do the same thing with different techniques," Hangst said.
And in a news release issued today, CERN noted that another collaboration, ASACUSA, has demonstrated yet another method for making antihydrogen atoms. ASACUSA's scientists report in a paper appearing in Physical Review Letters that they produced antihydrogen in a Cusp trap, which CERN says is an "essential precursor" for making a beam.
"With two alternative methods of producing and eventually studying antihydrogen, antimatter will not be able to hide its properties from us much longer," Yasunori Yamazaki, a physicist at Japan's RIKEN research center and a member of the ASACUSA collaboration, said in CERN's news release.
But will the bad guys use all this information to build an antimatter bomb like the one in "Angels and Demons"? That scenario is still pure science fiction, and you can hear theoretical physicist Michio Kaku explain why in our "Nightmares and Dreams" interactive.
More about antimatter:
- Inside the antimatter factory
- Antimatter particles detected deep below
- Antimatter scout to hitch ride on shuttle
- Laser technique produces blast of antimatter
Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the log's Facebook page or following @b0yle on Twitter. You can also check out "The Case for Pluto," my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.
Leave a Comment:
It is not neccessary that in the beginning of the existence of antimatter and mater, that the amounts of anti-matter and matter are approximately equal! but possibly the amount of anti-matter was to little respect to the amount of matter! This possibility could hold true as well! or even the amount of anti-matter was too abundant! however, it was too volatile to stay in large accumulated groups in certain domains of some universes! And this possibility could exist as well!
This the one news I was really was waiting for, thank God for all those Fysicist, Engineers and all the ones who have work on this great break-through for all the cretures of this world.
I hope that it will help to produced new energy production, new source of energy fuel to explore the universe, to help cure diseases and live in peace till the day we desist.
This is a great and historical triumf for humanity. Congratulation CERN !
Thank you Alan Boyle for the story....................You the Man!
Gravational field--attraction of mass---middle school science---balance scale with equal weights---put bowling ball under one side---scale tips
Maganeic field---polarized flow based on metalic attraction +/- ---can be electrically produced (magnet and iron fileings)
Electronic--linial flow of electrons (light switch) or--- static point to point. (static ball sold in joke stores)
Yes the kids in my science classes did all of these.
Anti matter (antihydrogen) ---think forth through sixth dementions. (Dune---folding space??)
Forget the dilithium crystals!!!!
Elementary dear Teacher........elementary!.
OK, what's the big deal about your science class?.
You are so self conceit, that I will be sorry if I was your student. Get real Teacher please OK, you will never in your wilded dreams could ever be part of the scientific members of ZERN. You are just a Union payroll and Oh! by the way, don't forget to send your Union dues, they need your money to pay Politicians.
Scientist and Engineers don't have Union Masters in ZERN and that is why they're smarter than you.
nonbigbrother, why are you harassing GED Teacher? His comment wasn't negative.
nonbigbrother,
Wow, to rag on a teacher for being a teacher!! Did you stop to think that the vast majority of scientist working on this project had an elementary teacher!! You make me sick man. Also the majority of these scientists came from Switzerland and neighboring countries that have socialized higher education systems. I myself studied Theoretical Physics in Leipzig Germany and paid about 80 dollars a semester as a foreigner from the US. I had guest speakers from CERN in my classes!
The scientist in Europe are not bound by huge post education debt. They are coming to the front of the world as the new leaders in science while people like you try to hold us back. If you lived in Europe you would see how wonderful social programs help society. Switzerland has a huge middle class that has a great education system, which allows them to educate enough scientist for a project of this size. If someone in the States even suggested to have half the social programs in Switzerland you would have a heart-attackand and accuse them of being a communist Marxist. We are falling behind in the US because of people like you and not because of the Unions(though they can be better managed).
Great article,
Keep up the great work over there in CERN.
Star Trek is centuries ahead. Antimatter is created in large pods and then released into MATTER where the explosions are directed to make the Enterprize move. You know for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction. Just kidding!! They are just now startng to experiment with MATTER AND ANTIMATTER in the labs and in the not so distant future maybe this will take the place of OIL and GAS.
Science moves forward everyday. This is great. One day it will all seem so simple. Not today. Yet another reason to vote for more savvy politicians in this country. Once we dreamed of a super collider, now I just pray they get the old machine upgraded before some dimwit budget cuts hi energy american physics altogether...after all cern is doin a fine job.
Congrats scientists! Its nice to see something in the news other than how poor we are or who killed who over something petty.
I may be just speaking out of ignorance but why do they think that all antimatter was destroyed? Isn't antimatter contained in dark matter? It is my understanding that scientists believe that there is 10 times more dark matter than visible matter based upon the gravitational movements of galaxies and things. It seems to me that given this number antimatter could easily exist in dark matter.
Aslo, couldn't we use all of that dark matter as fuel for a space ship travelling through space? (of course we'd have to get to the dark matter to begin with.)
Eric,
Probably not. We know how anti-matter interacts with other matter, and dark matter doesn't seem to be interacting with matter the way that anti-matter does. In fact, dark matter seems to interact only with gravity (at least as far as we know).
The bottom line is that we don't have a clue what dark matter is. But we can probably rule out anti-matter.
Thank you for the comment. I still wonder though, if there could be antimatter out there. Space is vast beyond our comprehension and maybe even infinite. Since space is so vast it seems to me that there could be large pockets of antimatter out there or even things like galaxies(that we cant see) made of antimatter. Who knows maybe thats how some stars or galaxies formed is from collisions with matter and antimatter.
Eric, I agree with you. We can only see so far across the universe, and what we are seeing now is light that originated millions or billions of years ago. So we really can't see the other side of the universe. For all we know, the other side of the universe is primarily antimatter.
The ability to abstract or describe the abstraction of these varied physics theories does prove to be a challenging task. It is difficult to provide explanation for what can't really be seen. The nature of anti-matter is not all that strange if one realizes that it too has mass. Example a positron is also an anti-electron, behaving just like the electrons but in an opposite aspection because of they have an opposite charge. So for every type of matter particle we've found, there also exists a corresponding antimatter particle, or antiparticle.
Antiparticles look and behave just like their corresponding matter particles, except they have opposite charges. For instance, a proton is electrically positive whereas an antiproton is electrically negative. Gravity affects matter and antimatter the same way because gravity is not a charged property and a matter particle has the same mass as its antiparticle. When a matter particle and antimatter particle meet, they annihilate into pure energy!
The big mystery is why does the presence of matter trumps the presence of anti-matter in our universe. An analogous relationship would be that matter represents a kinetic persistence of energy and anti-matter represents the potential insistence of energy. For the most part, this potential insistence remains bound within the nature of the atom mitagating energy boundaries/levels and manifesting itself as a glue of sorts. In our universe, our SpaceTime continuum, motion defines matter and not the potential for motion. Actually is is truely amazing that we can even knock the stuffings of such potential out of these atoms.
Very interested comment, is something to keep in mine.
I agreed with Stephen J. Bauer in anti-proton vs proton, positron vs electron that involed in difference of electric charge! But matter and anti-matter that possibly all have the same property as they both consist of neutron a particle that doesnot have electric charge! In this manner, how can we identify that anti-neutron does exist inside a matter or anti-matter in order to allow them counteract each other to annihilate themselves and forming pure energy ?
My point is, as long as world physics and all known kinds of physics that world physicists are handling to explain and experiment natural objects (i.e., including unknown physics phenomena, weirded physical objects, particles, activities, etffects, weired speculations/expectation/predictions,... and theorie, etc.) that do not able to figure out completely the hidden secrets inside the GRAVITATIONAL FIELD, ELECTRIC FIELD, MAGNETIC FIELD, and possible in the nature might have more kinds of unknown FIELDS that confuse and blurr the tinking of world scientists and misleadign them into the habits as to speculate that some kinds of dark matter, anti-matter out there that have functioned mysteriously to show some signs of interested phenomena to attrack the observations of world scientists and physicists for quite sometimes! In summary, I wish to focuse myself back into the real and serious investigation scientifically and physically the real nature and real hidden unknowns inside the GRAVITATIONAL FIELD, MAGNETIC FIELD ELCTRIC FIELD! and after understand perfectly the natures and hidden properties of these 3 FIELS then I will start to search in the nature any new forms of FIELDS that still are out there to begin to study more and invest more human efforts into these fields to extract scientific benfits from them if existed! (BellaVista)
Bella : Attached is a link that might help you to understand those fields, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction. And to just let you know, the magnetic and electrical fields are coupled together. The first major work on electromagnetic fields were done by James Maxwell in the mid 1800's. His theories and formulas are still used today as the basis of any work in electromagnetism. Gravitational fields were first introduced by Newton and then Einstein did the most profound work, which gets proven over and over again. BTW - if we didn't know much about electromagnetism then the monitor that you are reading these comments on would have never been developed.
Hello TReed!
I do understand what you tried to mention to me, due to James Maxell and Newton, Albert Einstein to Tesla are all folks I admired since I studied physics and then engineering fields as my educations led me flirted with both physics and Electrical Engineering to become applied physicist and engineer as well. However, Mawell, Tesla, Newton, Einstein as I believed that they could only use their observations and thinking combined with their excellence in mathematics to mathematize natural effects of Electric Field, Magnetic Field, Gravitational Field to allow us to extract benfits from their findings to design new electronics, computer, cellphones, laptop's monitors , electromechanical machinery and instruments and the alikes to use daily to do most of everything we need to have them! In other words, many formulas, equations (Maxell's electromagnetic wave equations for example), and applications are commonly related to focuse on the benefits to use the "formularized" effects of the Magnetic Field, Electric Field (Both are interractive coexisted and mutually functioning and interlocked into each other, as we all know! that give you electromagnetic waves, visible light, etc.,), therefore, I believe that we should spend more efforts to focuse into the "real hidden contents" inside the Gravitational Field. Magnetic Field, Electric Field to dig up all hidden misteries inside these "Mothers of Natural activities" found in the universes and they all exist whereever you go! and possibly inside the blackhole, where you are unable to enter to find down what these "Mothers" are doing in there!..Time is needed more to say in greater details but I would let you free from now to do something that you have to do! Thank you very much for kindly say something to me .
bv
Question-1: "WHAT ARE EXISTING INSIDE AND FORMING THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD?, MAGNETIC FIELD?, ELECTRIC FIELD?
Question-2: "DO IN THE NATURE HAVE HAD MORE UNDETECTED FIELDS(?) THAN 3 KNOWN FIELDS?"
Answers: (?)
Wake up all world Physicists! Please do more studies in looking more deeply and seriously into the real natures and individualities of the GRAVITATIONAL FIELD, MAGNETIC FIELD, ELECTRIC FIELD to understand more throughoutly these fields! This is due to these fields dictate all effects and activities of matter, and anti-matter (?) and dark-matter (?) that you are interested in!
I personally believe that Gravitational Field which is forned as the existence of the groups of stringed beaded sub-particles or the so-called "gravitational-sub-particles" (G.Sp) and these G.Sp have lined up in beaded-stringed lines and bunched together to form a curvature of Gravitational Field! This BellaVista's approach -01 (if you allowed me to define myself) is also applicable to the similar MAGNETIC FIELD (where, Magnetic sub-particle or M.Sp) exist, and also similar to the Electric Field (where , Electronic sub-particle or E.Sp) exist.
The particles are called bosons : gluons, weak-force bosons, photons and gravitons. Photons are related to the electromagnetic force. Changes in electric current changes the magnetic field and vice versa. The graviton is related to a gravitational field.
Bella, it sounds like what you are looking for is a unified theory of everything which is the holy grail of physics and yes many many people are working on that with billions of dollars invested. In fact the subject of this article is based upon some of that research (done with hadron clolliders like CERN and other means) that is being done to understand more about our universe and how forces like gravity and matter all interact with eachother.
Common to our universe, there are four fundamental forces governing the interactions of baryoic matter - gravity, electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force. Each force is carried by a separate "messenger particle" unique to it and still being researched. The strong force is by far the strongest of the forces, followed by the electromagnetic force, the weak force, and finally the extremely feeble gravitational force. Though these four discrete forces govern all baryonic matter interactions, scientist are continually trying to devine a theory that unites them. The most promising candidate is string theory.
TReed has already provided the unique messenger particle associated with each of the four fundamental forces. Each of the forces are representative of their measured behavior relative to their atomic interaction. However, liken to the behavior of a black hole, there are times when these discrete forces are more closely aligned. Per the Big Bang Theory, everything was create from a singlar dimensional point wherein these four forces represented only one force; i.e. a singularity.
As to your query about other fields, there is indeed an untapped area of understanding having to do with non-baryonic matter. While dark matter has been compared to as the left over portion of the universe in which baryonic matter resides, it actually accounts for 99% of the universe. Dark matter exists (or does not exist) as massless quantum containments, better represented via the SuperString Theory. Its measure would be an absence of mass density, or degrees of negative density. It infiltrates all empty space, even the empty space within baryonic matter itself. It would appear that baryonic matter is the anomaly, and dark matter is the normal condition of our SpaceTime continuum. It is the intrusions of baryonic matter within the universe that cause displacement and warping in the SpaceTime fabric of the non-baryonic matter in which it resides; And perhaps it is even qualifying the gravitational force which is traditionally attributed to baryonic matter.
Hello TReed, Eric-1498146, Stephen J. Bauer!
Thank you very much to three of you for mentioned to the mentioned subjects that I have had in mind since the long time ago while I was a freshman student in Physics, and due to my mistake, when in the Master level in Physics I wasn't interested in continueing to study in particles physics, due to my father mentioned to me that scientists have become confused when heading into finding subparticles inside a nucleus, then they have found more and more kinds of sub-particles to the levels they never know how many more kinds of sub-particles will be found at last and the game is quite confusing and more times will be needed to find them all! This reminding stopped me to head into particles physics and I stayed floated in Physics as tried to become an applied physicist to make me feel more down-to-earth as transforming into a professional inventor after veered away from Physics in PhD level and studied engineering to combine both areas to invent and develop new theories in scientific works while inventing works have been pushed to the corners to take a rest.
I have a personal interest in dedicating myself into the Chaos Theory and I have come up with much much greater studies in this area of natural science, and wish to publish a fullly investigation in much deeper and broader approaches in the Chaos Theory that I believe I will need few dozens to hundreds of mathematicians and physicists to work with me to completely well document this so-called Broader Theory in Chaos Theory or Grand Chaos Theory. I wish if some well talented physicists can join with me to well document this Grand Chaos Theory, then it will be very beneficial to the Scientific community to have better and more throroughly understand this wonderful field of Physics or natural science that it has dominated the entire universes activities from the nature!
Again, thank you for giving more knowledges in the areas that I missed to head into to study when my time was abundant!
Respectfully,
bv
Hello All concerned Physicists!
I would raise a question to seek answer as:
Question: "What's happening or what kinds of unknown physical activities (?) inside the two opposite Magnetic Fields of two magnets: the Magnet ( N-S ) and the Magnet (S-N) are headed to each other in the same magnetic polarity? And they repel each other. The repel force of these magnets are all known, but why it develops? and if the magnetic field consists of or formed by a stream of lined up polarized magnetons (or tiny miniature magnets) then how they strike each others in this experiment?.
Hello All!
As you all know, when you point two magnets with the same magnetic pole together then they repel each other! My question is: what is/are the real nature and activities inside these opposite magnetic fields while two magnets with same polarity are point to each other?
We know the observable effect of these magnets that behave! but we do not know what are really going on inside these head-on or opposite magnetic fields that consist of or include and all related activities and properties of the magnetons (if exist) or some forms of subparticles or else (?) are doing and behaving?
Thank You All,
bv
Magnetism is a lot of fun; angular momentum and particle spin alignment. What I like is that except for its constant, it obey the same general inverse square law as gravity. No one has ever come up with a formula to explain the differences in the gravitational constant and plank's constant, or why magnestism not only attracts (like gravity) but also repels, unlike gravity.
So while charge plays its part in magnetism, it appears the real governor of the forces is their particle spins. Motion is the key to a magnet's interactions. The actual magnetism, or magnet field, fluctuates relative to its aligned motion of electron flow. This electron flow forms the currents that makes the magnet behave as if there is an electric current flowing through the material and over the surface, with local flow direction normal to the cylinder axis. The North Pole is considered more negative and the South Pole is considered more positive; direction of current flow is in from South and out through North.
Interestingly enough, like charges repel regardless of the current flow direction. This is where the mystery gets very interesting and where the explanation of spin becomes more important. While current is the measure of negative electron flow (i.e. negative ion flow), there is manifested a counterflow of a more positive nature in part as associated with these particles spin alignements. This positive flow is liken to the flow of more positively charged ions. So when the loosely bonded electrons break free and aggregate to one end of an iron bar (negative ion flow), they leave behind atoms with more of a positive charge (positive ion flow). Therefore the repulsion is representative of these charge flows relative to these particles spin alignment. Opposite spin alignments attract and like spins alignments repel. That should give you something to work on.
To: Stephen J. Bauer
Thank you very much for your explanations. As you know the spinning electron(s) of the outermost orbit of an element such as Fe that contributes or generates a magnetic field to its surrounding 3-Dimensional space. When we use electricity to drive electrons flowing on a copper coil or several (windings or turns) that several turns coil around a bar of iron then we already artificially let countless electrons runningin the pattern of stacking man-made orbits (or windings on the said copper coil) . Inthis case, we "polarize" electrons orbits in one direction to amplify or sum up all tiny individual magnetic fields of countless electrons flowing in the copper windings or turns. And at the result, the summed up magnetic fields of said moving electrons on the coil that also polarize the outermost orbits of all (or many) electrons of the iron bar and the iron bar's magnetic field exists as the direction of the magnetic field enters the south pole and comes out at the north pole. This experiment was done many yrs ago by Maxwell? or Testa? or Oersted?, etc.,
My question now is: when an electron spins around its outermost orbit, it does genereate a tiny magnetic field! as we know, but the question is! when this electron spins around it orbit (outermost orbit), does this movement disturb the local space of this atom and this disturbing effect which generates a turbulence at the area to spit out some kinds of materials(?) such as minuscule sub-particles that could possibly call as magnetons flux that this flux is the building block of the magnetic field as we can observe its effect that we can conclude that a magnetic field does exist here!
Returning to the repelling magnetic force of two bar of permanet magnets with same magnetic polarity are pointed together. As you know this magnetic repelling force does exist as while you hold two bars of magnets and point them to each other with same magnetic pole. But you never see any physical "things" or objects that apply physical force to your magnets at all, while two magnets are still far apart but you can feel a strong force that push your both magnets apart each other!. In this case, you do not apply the principle of a rocket to jetison beams of miniature masses to harvest a counter monentum or counter force to move your magnet bars (I mean the magnetic repelling forces are not behave like a rocket in fly to apply the law of conservation of momentum). So can I say, due to the magnet invisibly jettisons streams of invisible moving materials such as moving magnetons to one direction and on other direction it generates the magnetic repelling force! This is also related to the law of cosnservative of momentum of magnetons as I would define!
In conclusion, I would postulate that a magnetic repelling force of two bars of permanet magnets that must obey the law of conservative of momentum as well! That's my speculation that I would like to see your feedback! Thank you and have a good weekend! and on myself, I comeback to do my documetation for my inventions as my only business now!
Per your question, "when this electron spins around it orbit (outermost orbit), does this movement disturb the local space of this atom and this disturbing effect which generates a turbulence at the area to spit out some kinds of materials(?) such as minuscule sub-particles that could possibly call as magnetons flux that this flux is the building block of the magnetic field as we can observe its effect that we can conclude that a magnetic field does exist here!"
From a theoretical perspective, these particles are not really particles in their rest state. For the most part our experiments force them into a non-rest state bundle that we define as a particle. So when you question about interactions in which the electron revolves around in its outermost orbit, some theories express this as a single energy shell or wave, the instance of which is more fluid in its rest state. Still another important aspect of the electron's energy states, or levels, is that they are distinguishable relative to the electrostatic interaction of the (negative) electron with the (positive) nucleus. That is to say there is a postive wave separation between negative wave energy levels. This distinction is also more prominently seen in magnetic fields. I wrote a college paper, back in the 1980s, that was entered into a contest on this positive wave separation and won second place. They would not give me first place because I could not come up with a viable experiment to prove the point. But technology has changed a lot since then, so maybe you'll do better!
While I can not answer your interesting question, I acknowledge the potential of you logic to ask it. I wish more people could involve themselves in trying to divine their relationship with this universe.
I wonder if they can "trap" the antihydrogen atoms by resonanting the magnetic field at frequencies near the gamma radiation frequencies?
I believe what Bella.V is talking about is why do these forces manifest in 3D behavioral patterns that limit themselves (in size), by what descriminating factor? For example, many expeirments have been done with magnets, but one in particular suggest that magnetic field acts like a gyroscope or something like it.Take a horseshoe magnet and pass a piece of metal through it. On taking the metal piece through one way, it seems to accelerate on the back side of the field. Not at all like when you line up objects in a row(touching each other) and hit one side with a force and the last object in the row will separate from the row with an equal force that it recieved through the transfer of energy (like a row of pool balls hit on the end). The expieriment suggests that the force has a circular motion, like a force moving in a direction like a spring is shaped, or the force is in a line between the poles with something inside the force behaving simular to a gyroscope. What would explain the acceleration? the shape of the force? is there a force within a force? from what does the force "chose" a path in the beginning? I have not heard a reasonable explaination. I understand what Bella.V means when she says some of the forces "interactions" have been explained very well, but not the forces themselves.
Let me rephrase my previous question and see if there are any takers.
Particle colliders try to break the strong force bonds to see what flies out. Magnets surrounding the points of impact are primarily used to contain and direct the paths of the particles.
My question is: What if the two fundamental building blocks, photon and gluon, are actual one "particle" at different polarization of spin. Spin of 1 could mean that we can only see, measure, the neutral states of the particle. So if we can keep the magnetic field surrounding the impact point at resonance at frequencies comparable to quark-gluon plasma creation (releasing the quark-gluon from vacuum) would we see and equal mix of photons and quark-gluon plasma?
Hence the quark-gluon is the "mass" and the photon (polarized gluon with a quark-gluon mix oscillating in and out of vacuum) is the "wave". Note, the gluon-photon "particle" could be a free particle jumping from quark to quark as opposed to being bonded to one specific one.
And the oscillatory nature of the mechanism between mass and wave (strong force and electromagnetic force)manifest as a resultant gravitational force.
The magnetic (or electromagnetic) force require to actually contain the nature of a photon or gluon would need to be greater than the force required to break them into these primary components. Were that even possible, then they would need to be maintained in this energenic state to continue to manifest the properties that you wish to study. Still while there are similarities between the functions of photons and gluons, I would think this difference would be greater than just the polarization of their spin. While this may be one aspect of what they might have in common, it falls short of unifying the strong force and the electromagnetic force.
Been awhile since I read up on the SuperString Theory, but I believe your investigation leans towards this type of research. While I can not answer your intriguing question, I applaud your ability to ask it. I wish more people could involve themselves in trying to divine their relationship with this universe.
Unfortunately the missing aspect of our ideals for unifying these fundamental forces may lie in large part with the existince of non-baryonic matter. It exists (or does not exist) as massless quantum containments, better represented via the SuperString Theory. Its measure would be an absence of mass density, or degrees of negative density. It infiltrates all empty space, even the empty space within baryonic matter itself. It would appear that baryonic matter is the anomaly, and dark matter is the normal condition of our SpaceTime continuum. It is the intrusions of baryonic matter within the universe that cause displacement and warping in the SpaceTime fabric of the non-baryonic matter in which it resides; And perhaps it is even qualifying the gravitational force which is traditionally attributed to baryonic matter.
SJB,
Thanks for your response. If I can ask another question w.r.t. your last paragraph:
Thus far all our math and phsyics is based on the principle of least action – or, more accurately, the principle of stationary action. Reference, Noether, Lagrangian and Hamilton formulations.
Would you say that this is equivalent to a "packet' of energy (smallest quanta, a single "closed event") to occupy the least "space-time" (the least dimensions that define the "closed event") as the "stationary" state of all points in the universe?
And if you say baryonic matter is the anomaly, then is "closed event" (supersymmetry if you will) is made up of non-baryonic matter.
To: Physicist Stephen J. Bauer (and all concerned physicists)
Thank you very much for your detailed explanations regarding to my raised questions.
As you already know, the entire world population that have harvested countless beneficial applications and beneficial gains of all sorts from the effects of Magnetic Field alongside with the Electric Field and their harvested sources of energies to benefit entire mankind! These said both fields are also being assisted by the Gravitational Field as well! For example, on your wind-turbine, you have exploited the advantageous benefits of the Magnetic field, coupled with the electric field to extract abundant sources of electron beams flowing out of the electric generator to supply electricity to pump partially into your house electrical network for your uses! However, without gravitational field, then you might not have air and moving air to create the wind to propel your wind-powered turbine at all. In essence, that you obviously have harvested these three fields to have electricity energy for your demand! From this concern, therefore, I am very interested to look more seriously into these 3 fields to hopefully understand the truth of the natural secrets embedded inside these 3 fields to hope for discovering more ways to "manipulate" these fields in benefitting our human's demands! For example, if you can apply the magnetic field in a well successfully way then you can energize your spacecraft in the vacuum space to travel with the capability of exploit space gravitational field, magnetic field and electric field to move your spacecraft with less consuming of stored energy inside your spacecraft. Also, on earth, you can harvest or store energy in the forms of applying these 3 sources of fields in harmony to maintain your source of energy such as electricity to consume or to store it in better approaches!
Due to we can only see the resulted effects of Magnetic Field, Electric Field, and Gravitational Field only, and all hidden ingredients or baryonic-like or non-baryonic-like "belongings" or "physical properties and internal activities and natural laws that govern these said contents of these 3 fields that we can only visualize or expect or speculate with the supports of many scientific experiments in the past only! My speculation or "proposition" to these 3 fields that include:
1/ The magnetic field , Electric field, Gravitational field that can all "travel", "penetrate", "infiltrate" thru the baryonic space or even non-baryonic space as well! For example, these fields can travel thru the vacuum space or universe with proven scientific knowledge. From this known fact, I would presume that in our vacuum space, it might have abundantly distribution uniformly (or non-uniformly) material(?) that I called as the so-called "MEDITON" (i.e., basic, most primitive, medium-based particle). This Mediton has so abundant and so small to level that human scientific instruments haven't be able to be developed to experiment and to observe its behavioral characteristics and effects yet! And these Meditons that can be polarized or change "charged state" to form a flux of magnetic curvature to allow the magnetism to propagate thru the universe!. This Meditons can be compressed to distribute in unbalanced state that generate the gravitational field to develop! And similar to the electric field as well! In essence, these Meditons possess internal characteristics that can interact with the 3 fields Gravitational field, magnetic field, electric field when these fields could be formed as some sources of excitations develop to upset the static nature or rest state of the Meditons to force them to react and to generate field(s) in junction with the exciting activities nearby.
This mentioned speculation or proposed prediction that I come up with the Mediton that I hope you will give me some feedbacks or to call up some other physicists to look into this prediction.
Thank you for reading this idea that I presently have thought about.
Respectfully,
bv
Hello Prof. Physicist Stephen J. Bauer!
In conlusion, the so-called MEDITON which can be seen as the "base of all universes" or basic elemental source that it has supplied a medium for electromagnetic field to travel! for Gravitational field to infiltrate the endless universes, and possible it can be seen as the abundant universal ingredient to supply source of baryonic mass to stars and nebulas etc. to extract to build up masses and evolving into nuclear reactions and related activities in the universes! This MEDITON which could possible related to the dark-matter(?) or the unknown matter that scientists are worrying about?
Thank you
bv
Hello Physicist Stephen J. Bauer!
Hello All concerned Physicists!
In fact, inside the so-called: "emptiness of the vacuumed space medium of all known and unknown universes", it seemingly must have some kind(s) of the very "abundant existence(s)" of the so-called "materials", "mass", "most miniature, minuscule kinds of sub-particle(s), baryonic element(s) or masses, etc., in order, the nature can be able to supply a "propagating medium" for the known gravitational field, magnetic field, electric field (and possibly more new kinds of unknon fields(???) to travel thru it, from point "A" to point "B" for example! That's the concept that I am concerned here!