The long-extinct woolly mammoth could be resurrected within five years, thanks to recent advances in cloning technology.
Japanese researchers plan to collect mammoth tissue this summer from a carcass that was frozen in the Siberian permafrost and is now in a Russian research laboratory, according to a report in the Yomiuri Shimbun.
The hope is to recover an undamaged nucleus of a mammoth cell from this tissue and insert it into an elephant egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed. This will create an embryo with mammoth genes, according to the news report.
This embryo will be inserted to the elephant's womb in hopes that she'll give birth to a mammoth.
"Preparations to realize this goal have been made," Akira Iritani, a team leader from Kyoto University, told the Yomiuri Shimbun.
New technique
Previous attempts to recover nuclei from frozen tissue failed because the cold temperatures damaged the DNA.
The new technique is based on work by Teruhiko Wakayama of the Riken Center for Developmental Biology, who in 2008 cloned a mouse from the cells of another mouse that were frozen for 16 years.
Iritani says his team has devised a method to extract the nuclei of mammoth cells without damaging them. "Now that the technical problems have been overcome, all we need is a good sample of soft tissue from a frozen mammoth," he told London's Daily Telegraph.
Mammoth for display
If the team is successful in creating an embryo, they will discuss how to breed the mammoth — and whether or not to display it to the public — before transplanting to a surrogate elephant, Iritani told the Yomiuri Shimbun.
Even if the embryo is successfully created and implanted, the chances of bringing a cloned mammoth to term (or any cloned animal, for that matter) are slim. When South Korean researchers tried cloning dogs, for example, nearly 1,100 embryos were transplanted to surrogate dogs, but only two live births resulted, and only one of those puppies survived past the 22-day mark.
Nevertheless, Iritani was confident of success. "After the mammoth is born, we'll examine its ecology and genes to study why the species became extinct and other factors," he said.
Woolly mammoths went extinct at the end of the Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago. Scientists have long debated whether climate change or human hunters were the cause of their demise.
Last December, researchers said another factor could be the fact that the creatures delayed weaning their young due to the long dark winter north of the Arctic Circle.
More about mammoths:
- Woolly mammoth's DNA mapped
- Mammoth blood revived by bacteria
- Ice Age baby mammoth goes on display
- Scientist sets out to re-create Ice Age park
John Roach is a contributing writer for msnbc.com. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by hitting the "like" button on the Cosmic Log Facebook page or following msnbc.com's science editor, Alan Boyle, on Twitter (@b0yle).


Oh lets clone Hitler then we can see what makes him tick. Or practice demolition on multiple clones for weapons development. Or or or.
Not that I agree so much with your idea, it would be a good case study in nature vs. nurture. Was he that evil naturally, or was it a result of the environment he grew up in? Would a Hitler clone, with much improved quality of life, grow up with the same genocidal, and megalomania tendencies?
No !
since the cold destroys DNA, but it worked with a mouse frozen for 16 years, they just need a wooly mammoth carcass frozen for 16 years...................
somehow I doubt this will work, plus they are assuming the dead mammoth, had healthy cells when it died......
now how the heck to I get back to newsvine from this awful sister site....
You don't need "healthy" cells. You just need intact DNA strands. I think what you are saying is that they have to hope that the animal was genetically healthy.
yes, that's what I meant, to suggest the irony, that it was the DNA that caused the sample mammoths death, won't work to create a live one...
It will probably happen - it's just a matter of time.
"Woolly mammoths went extinct at the end of the Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago. Scientists have long debated whether climate change or human hunters were the cause of their demise".
--- Wow! Now we can just ask the mammoth why his species went extinct. Great job scientists! Way to go with all that valuable research to improve the human condition!!
You are an idiot. I feel somehow less intelligent for even having read your comment...
"Science is of value because it CAN produce SOMETHING..." (a quote from a famous debate between a religious zealot and a non-theist)
Its that type of attitude that depresses me. Why is it that people are so afraid to learn? (Directed at halli, not 99)
Wrong. Mammoths only quite recently went extinct. The Pyramids were around before the last mammoth died away. 10,000 years ago? More like 4000 years ago.
I recall reading there were mammoths about 4000 years ago but they very small. Sort of the pachyderm equivalent of a Shetland pony as compared to a horse. I wonder how old the tissue is that they aim to use? A smaller mammoth fetus might be easier for an elephant to carry to term.
Clone that sucker, I have always wanted to eat fresh wolly mammoth!
See http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2725/prehistoric-its-whats-for-dinner
I'm thinking it is going to be a VERY expensive way to get meat.
Do you mean "Wally Mammoths" or "Woolly Mammoths"?
Mmmm... mammoth burgers...
Seriously bad idea. Nature extincted mammoths long before we were around, and we should not be messing around to bring them back now just because we think we can. The consequences are not predictable and could be damaging to homo sapiens or other species.
We don't know if nature was the cause of extinction for this species or if it was human over-hunting. If humans are to blame, then I think we have an obligation to use our technology to bring them back. Even if it was a natural extinction, humans and mammoths lived together about 10,000 years ago without any issues (except from the mammoth's point of view).
Either way, it does beg the question of what would we DO with it? Somebody is going to have to taje care of it!
Well, if the population gets out of control, we can always open up a Wolly Mammoth hunting season. I am sure Barnum and Bailey's could make some loot off of Wolly Mammoth rides as well.
Wrong. Mammoths were still alive at least after Mesopotamia, and quite possibly after early Egypt. Even their relative the mastadon only went extinct about 1000 years ago. Their deaths were far from natural: although climate change was a big factor, we were responsiple for the end result: extinction.
There is no reward without risk!
Extincted? Okay, I'll let that go... but consider that cloning one mammoth will be a tremendous learning experience, and provide increased interest in scientific research for decades to come. You can't pontificate on "we don't know what it'll do" without providing some worst case scenarios. This would be a far cry from creating a viable breeding population (they can't all be clones of the same "parent"). And even so, some scientists have theorized that a wild population could survive in the Siberian tundra where we're getting all these frozen specimens now; not a lot of people live there.
Wild animals aren't killing machines, like they are portrayed in some movies. Yes, they can be dangerous, but so can the neighbor's pit bull. People in countries all over the world deal with the reality of crocodiles, lions, sharks, etc... close to the places they live and play every day.
I would love to see a mammoth, and a thylacine, and a dodo, and a pterasaur, and, yes, a T. Rex (wouldn't advocate putting that last one into the wild, though).
I know for sure I'M not cleaning up after that thing!
randomB- I don't think I'd put the pterasuar in the wild either. Flying predator with a 35 foot wingspan?
Maybe we should cure cancer first??
RGrant, as for the pterosaur, I'd agree that the wild wouldn't be the right place for it, too, but not for the same reason. I think most scientists beleive pterosaurs were strictly fish eaters, but their effect on native populations of birds and fish would likely be pretty destructive.
It's bad enough when people mess with the ecosystem by releasing unwanted exotic pets into the wild, which has caused many disasters (rabbits in Australia, etc.) Now they want to bring back long dead animals. How ridiculous. I admit that if they could bring back a Neanderthal, that might be really interesting.
Ooh next let's make a Jurassic Park!
I was thinking the exact same thing, maybe thats not such a good idea
It can't be done with existing technology. The mammoth might work ONLY because we have a closely related surrogate in the elephant to provide eggs. We don't know how to clone anything from DNA without an egg.
Details, details, so we get a mammoth in five years and Jurassic Park in ten years. WHOOOPEEE!
Sign me up! Imago!
The major difference would be that the current proposal involves working from frozen tissue not from fossilized bones or from blood cells crystalized inside of a mosquito stuck amber.
Who'd pay for it? Brining back a single mammoth, an animal which only very recently went extinct, have living relatives to use for embryo gestation, and is from an environment not so different from today, will cost millions of dollars to do, maybe even tens of millions or more. And that's just bringing it back, not bothering with the logsistics of caring for it, providing an environment for it (it'll probably just be studied for all its natural life. Not a plesant living arrangment). And still, that's only ONE mammoth: more would cost a large fortune.
And Jurrasic Park made things sound much simpler than they really are. For example, in the book, they claimed to have the ability to alter chromosmes to affect the gender of the animal that they're cloning. Although that sounds perfectly plausible, we still aren't able to do it in real life yet, and some say that it wouldn't be able to be utilized in a real cloning senario because the process of changing an X chromosme to a Y chromosome may damage the genetic structure too much.
Another thing is how they got the DNA in the book: mosquitos. While it's certainly a clever idea, it probably wouldn't work, as enzymes in most mosquitoes break down DNA as soon as it enters their body, and not only that, you would need a LOT of blood to get a full DNA sample needed for cloning, so unless you have 1000 mosquitos that conviniently have perfectly preserved dinosaur DNA of the same species, you won't be able to bring back a perfect copy of the animal. That said, you could use fragments and mix them in with DNA of genetically similar animals to create an animal SIMILAR to a dinosaur (if it even survives), but that wouldn't really be the same.
Finally, the biggest question: how are you going to take care of these things? In the novel, it shows that the company that made the Dinosaurs, Ingen, didn't know what to feed their dinosaurs, and so they got sick (like the triceratops in the film). A doomsday senario that is portrayed in the book and film is unlikely, as we would be hard pressed to bring back even a single dinosaur, let alone enough of them to make a breeding population, but suppose it does happen? It'd be game over. And what would we do with our dinosaur? Study it? Okay, fair enough, but now that you've studied it, what are you going to do with this god-like technology? Never use it again? That's unlikely. The book was satrical in how the first thing they did with the dinosaurs when they brought them back to life was try to make a profit out of them. While I can't see any company doing that, it does raise other questions that were raised in the book: Dino pets? Biological weapons? Or the biggest of all, reintroduction into the ecosystem? Assuming this is WAY in the future, and that cloning technology has been perfected to the point of being marketable, you could do any of those things, and possibly bring about that Jurrasic Park doomsday senario.
Excellent article! It is good to know and be informed about the stuff that is happening, even if people disagree for any reason. I enjoy reading news from the cosmic log.
Hamjor: Everything you have written is wrong.
this is craptastically stupid.
this is incredibly stupid.
Although I disagree with you, I liked "craptastically" better!
Actually this is a wonderful idea. It's not like we're bringing back a T-Rex or something. If we can successfully take DNA thousands of years old and bring the animal back to life, that will pave the way for further DNA research (not necessarily related to cloning). Just remember, these guys COULD be researching new, more deadly biological weaponry instead.
Lets do a male and female and call em adam and eve.
'Long extinct?' Not even by OUR standards have they been long extinct: Mesopotamia was around before the Mammoth totally bit the dust.
When I was a kid, dinosaurs were one of my favorite topics. It would be great if there were a living zoo for all of the now extinct animals. That way the true characteristics could be witnessed instead of imagined.
But then the problems depicted in the Jurassic Park movies could become a realty. Watch out. We may not want to tamper with this part of nature.
Jurassic Park? Why not. One thing this planet has an over abundance of is humans.
It would be interesting to see one alive, yes, but I still don't think it is a good idea. Be happy we still have elephants, IMO!
Seems to me that the money, time and expertise could be better put to use in cancer research or some such.
Atsidi
"Seems to me that the money, time and expertise could be better put to use in cancer research or some such."
Gee, what will you be saying if the cloning of a mammoth leads to a breakthrough in cancer research?
We never know where scientific research will take us.
But for some, most scientific research money could have better been spent, elsewhere.
How about using this technology to clone some of the wildlife we currently have that are on the Endangered Species List like the cheetah, tiger, etc.
Agreed. Jurassic park!
Jurrasic Park what? The Crichton novel? The movie? Or the idea? Odds are, the planet probably can't handle both humans AND dinosaurs: it can barely even handle humans! What would a full grown Apatosarus eat? Only the redwoods would be similar to what they lived through, and those aren't exactly common. What's a Utahraptor to eat? Uh, probably cattle: ALL the cattle. And horses. T-Rex? Unless you want to release them in Africa, there isn't any food source (aside from cities, which have large biomasses of human flesh) to sustain them, and they'll simply die off.
I'm being sarcastic, but I don't think a lot of people realise the logistical constraints of a Jurrasic Park senario: There is no uninhabited island big enough to support an ecosystem with animals that large, and even if there were, you would, like the movie, need to bring in extinct plants for them to eat: some of which will have the capability to reproduce overseas as an invasive species. Even if you were to have the EXACT island that they used in Jurrasic Park, here's another big question: for how long? Even in a Jurrasic Park senario, you would need to bring in outside supplies, via humans, to keep the ecosystem fueled. It's not a fast couple trillion dollar investment and then your done: it would cost billions of dollars to maintain for all eternity, and when you stop paying, they die.
The mammoth is a little different though: they grew up in an ecosystem not vastly different from our own. I can't think of any idiot who'd release them into the wilderness of Siberia or Canada and see how they go from there. Personally, there are much easier and far less risky animals to revive: the Thylacine only went extinct about a hundred years ago, so reintroducing them wouldn't be very different from reintroducing a captive population of endagered animals back into its original ecosystem. The dodo died out only four hundred years ago, and they lived in a fairly enclosed environment anyway. Moas... probably not a good idea bringing back, as I doubt New Zeland will be very thrilled to have 12 foot tall birds stomping around. Quagga, we probably don't have enough remaining samples to map its DNA, so they might not even be possible to bring back. Passanger Pigeons aren't a good idea either, as they would likely multiply to their original population eventually: well over a billion. And we have no idea how that will affect the current ecoystem. But niche species that have only recently passed with remaining environments that haven't changed drastically could be reintroduced: the Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Yeah yeah, I know), the Stellar's Sea Cow, and the Great Auk are all examples.
I think this is really cool. Bringing back extinct species is a great use of biotechnology. There are more recently extinct ones that should also get some attention, but mammoths make a good "stretch" goal.
Who will take care of them? Zoos, obviously. Zoos already take care of many other endangered animals, and I'm sure they will be delighted to have something new.
As for those complaining that they think the research should be spent somewhere else: who are you to tell whatever Japanese funding sources are behind this how to spend their money? Have you ever been to a movie, or ordered a pizza? Those are expensive, you know -- perhaps you should have donated that twenty bucks to cancer research or some such instead.
And yes, I do hope we can someday bring back dinosaurs. There is much I want to know about them, such as what color they were. Jurassic Park was a just a movie. Let's not let it stop us from thinking about real life.
Halliwax said
Woolly mammoths went extinct at the end of the Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago. Scientists have long debated whether climate change or human hunters were the cause of their demise".
--- Wow! Now we can just ask the mammoth why his species went extinct. Great job scientists! Way to go with all that valuable research to improve the human condition!!
Or we could just kill it. Then we would know.
good point haha maybe itll taste better than cows mmm mamoth burger
Scientists love playing God.
Don't think they aren't trying to clone humans some where.
Of course they are Rob, did you miss the whole CLONE WARS subplot of STAR WARS? Sheesh.
Get real!
I think it would be more useful for science to work on preserving the species we've got now, roughly 30,000 of which are going extinct every year.
EarlyOut-1524710
"I think it would be more useful for science to work on preserving the species we've got now, roughly 30,000 of which are going extinct every year."
i thought we were losing "only" 5000 species of plant and animals, per year, to extinction.
I always wanted to see jurassic park up close now i can whats next doc T-rex's or raptors
it's just a hairy elephant
I have no problem with this. To those who cry about scientists "playing god", most bio-medical advances could be construed that way if you want. We basically wiped out smallpox, and developed drugs to fight other diseases and extend human lifespans. All of this could be portrayed as playing god. I agree that I'd rather see more being done to help with current life on the planet, but this is still interesting, and I hope they suceed. I know I'd go to see a mammoth at a zoo.
As a strict Biblical-Constitutionalist who believes 'if it's not in the bible or the constitution it's WRONG!' I think we should not be condoning this behavior. NO mammoths in the Bible or the Constitution. Therefore this is the work of the devil!
Thank goodness cellphones, cars, toilet paper and HD TV are mentioned in one or both! :-)
Preach brother! As it clearly states in Leviticus, "...and the use of embryonic stem cells in biomedical research and the resurection of extinct mammals shall be forever prohibited. Thus sayeth the Lord."
To both Skip and Matt I say
BEST. COMMENTS. EVER.
Behemoth and leviathan are both mentioned in the old testament. Leviathan is obviously a reference to a large sea creature, likely some sort of whale. Behemoth could be construed as reference to an elephant, but the sake of the current discussion since there's no mention of hairlessness, lets assume it's a reference to barely remembered recollections of mastodons or mammoths.
From wikipedia:
@ Matt: On killing human infants for research please see Exodus 20:13.
I don't think it even requires a highschool diploma to figure out the meaning.
However, on cloning animals; go for it! Got nothing against that.
@ timbo123: Only the scientists doing the research go to hell right? So why not sit back and benefit from their research, secure in the knowledge that you are morally superior to those that are trying to improve larges swathes of the population's quality of life.
Folks, you are thinking about this in too limited a view! Think "Fred Flintstone".
A Barbequed Mammoth 'Rib' might feed you for a week (no more 'racks', only a single 'rib').....Yum!
New clothing styles / trends will become vogue...... Woolly mammoth winter coats anyone?
The chinese can quit using rare rhino horn for aphrodesiac.......try the more plentiful (then) mammoth horn!