Supervolcano plume sized up

University of Utah

This image, based on variations in electrical conductivity of underground rock, shows the volcanic plume of partly molten rock that feeds the Yellowstone supervolcano. Yellow and red indicate higher conductivity,green and blue indicate lower conductivity.

The volcanic plume beneath Yellowstone is larger than previously thought, according to a new study that measured the electrical conductivity of the hot and partly molten rock.

The findings say nothing about the chances of another cataclysmic eruption at Yellowstone, but they give scientists another view of the vast and deep reservoir that feeds such eruptions.


"It's a totally new and different way of imaging and looking at the volcanic roots of Yellowstone," study co-author Robert Smith, an emeritus professor of geophysics at the University of Utah, said in a press release. 

Supervolcano history
The supervolcano has erupted three times over the past 2 million years – 2 million, 1.3 million, and 642,000 years ago. While researchers don't expect another eruption any time soon, it could eventually explode, destroying life for hundreds of miles around it and blanketing North America in ash.

In recent years, scientists have detected an unprecedented rate of rising for the caldera and increases in seismic activity, including a peculiar swarm of earthquakes.

The U.S. Geological Survey has ranked the Yellowstone caldera as a high threat for volcanic eruption, calling it the 21st most dangerous of 169 volcano centers in the U.S.

While the new measurements don't raise the threat level, scientists are keen to gain a deeper understanding of the plume beneath the national park renowned today for geysers and hot springs.

"We are just getting more and more understanding of what is going on," Michael Zhdanov, a professor of geophysics at the University of Utah and lead author of the study, told me today.

New measurements
In previous work, published in 2009, researchers used seismic waves from earthquakes to image the hotspot plumbing that feeds the supervolcano. Seismic waves move more quickly through cold rock than hot rock. By clocking seismic waves, researchers made 3D images of the plume.

Those images showed the plume of hot and molten rock dips downward from Yellowstone at an angle of 60 degrees and extends 150 miles west-northwest to a point at least 410 miles under the Montana-Idaho border, which as far as the imaging could "see."

In the new study, scientists used images of the plume's electrical conductivity that is generated by molten silicate rocks and hot briny water that is naturally present and mixed in partly molten rock. This shows the conductive part of the plume dipping more gently — an angle of about 40 degrees to the west and extending about 400 miles from east to west. The geoelectric image can only see 200 miles deep.

"It looks a little bigger," Zhdanov said. "It looks like our image put an envelope around this seismic image."

Geoelectrical data
The geoelectrical data was collected by Earthscope, a National Science Foundation-funded effort to collect seismic, magnetotelluric, and ground deformation data to study the structure and evolution of North America.

Magnetotelluric measurements record very low frequencies of electromagnetic radiation — about 0.0001 to 0.0664 Hertz, which is far below the frequencies of radio and TV signals and electric power lines. The low frequency, long wavelength field penetrates about 200 miles into the Earth.

Data for the study was collected by 115 stations in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho — the three states straddled by Yellowstone National Park. It was crunched by a supercomputer, which produced the geoelectric plume picture.

The study has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union.

More stories on the Yellowstone supervolcano:


John Roach is a contributing writer for msnbc.com. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by hitting the "like" button on the Cosmic Log Facebook page or following msnbc.com's science editor, Alan Boyle, on Twitter (@b0yle).

 

 

Discuss this post

For those looking for a doomsday scenario, this is your best bet. It WILL erupt, and the eruption WILL cause devastation across the entire North American continent, with climate, financial, supply, and political ripple effects world-wide.

The only question is will it happen tomorrow or a thousand years from now. Interesting data like this may help us figure it out.

  • 1 vote
Reply#1 - Mon Apr 11, 2011 3:55 PM EDT

... or ten to 50 thousand years from now. The eruption cycle seems to be about 650,000 years... 2 million y.a., then 1.3 million y.a., (a difference of 700,000), then 642,000 (a difference of about 650,000... rounded off). So we could be due for another one sometime fairly soon, but then again, it might not happen for another 50,000 years.

As I understand, there are no current signs of significant recent changes, increases in the plume, increases in pressure, etc. There's a couple of related links up above, so I've got to check those out as well...

    #1.1 - Mon Apr 11, 2011 4:22 PM EDT

    Your not reading those numbers right. Its every 6 or 7 hundred thousand years. We are now at 642,000 years. That means it could go off any time. In other words,we are right in the middle of the window when it tends to go. Im not particularly worried as the chance is still very small within my life time and it could be tens of thousands,or even 100,000 or more before it goes,but could go next year.

    The lesson to take away though is that we should be monitoring it watching for any changes.

      #1.2 - Mon Apr 11, 2011 11:43 PM EDT

      There's a lot of variation in even the less-than-a-handful of past eruptions. Sample size alone argues that it's not really possible to judge when the next one will occur, and the amount of variance in that tiny sample only adds to the degree of uncertainty. So saying it's about due now is very much like saying that because two out of three people surveyed plan on voting to re-elect President Obama, therefore he will be re-elected.

        #1.3 - Tue Apr 12, 2011 12:35 PM EDT

        Whaddya mean I'm not reading the numbers right? You just said almost exactly the same thing I did.

        Yes, we should be monitoring it, and we are. The other articles I referred to say that monitoring is ongoing, there have been changes recently, but such changes are a natural part of the cycle and do not necessarily indicate an imminent eruption.

          #1.4 - Tue Apr 12, 2011 1:03 PM EDT
          Reply

          Why don't we start drilling and venting off the pressure? If we mess up big deal. It's going to go someday anyway.

            Reply#2 - Mon Apr 11, 2011 4:08 PM EDT

            What we should be doing is building the world's biggest geo-thermal power generation plant.

              #2.1 - Mon Apr 11, 2011 4:23 PM EDT
              SwarlesDeleted

              Are you kidding? Yea,if it goes,it would have went anyway,perhaps in 10,000 years. I would much rather have it go in 10,000 years or 100,000 years or even 100 years than now.

                #2.3 - Mon Apr 11, 2011 11:44 PM EDT

                Too much common sense there. Lets just stick to the plan. Nuclear reactors in populated areas.

                • 1 vote
                #2.4 - Fri Apr 15, 2011 7:55 PM EDT
                Reply

                damn hippy liberal at it again

                  Reply#3 - Mon Apr 11, 2011 4:14 PM EDT

                  Why don't we have another beer and watch a re-run of I LOVE LUCY. That will do about as much good as any other suggestion I've seen posted.

                  A cold one and a good laugh and to hell with the rest of it.

                  Mas Cervesa Por Favor Amigo! Lucy Esta Muy Loco! HAHAHAHAHAA

                  • 1 vote
                  Reply#4 - Mon Apr 11, 2011 4:54 PM EDT

                  Well this is scary.

                    Reply#5 - Mon Apr 11, 2011 5:54 PM EDT

                    It will be most beautiful and wondrous. Then we will all burn and suffocate or starve to death because we can't grow food to eat. Asteroids and now volcanoes. I'm scared and I ain't scared of nothing, usually.

                      Reply#6 - Mon Apr 11, 2011 7:18 PM EDT

                      I wouldnt worry,the chances of you getting hit by a bus in your lifetime are vastly greater than the chances of it going off in your life time. Do you worry about getting hit by a bus? Maybe when crossing the street. Do you live in fear of getting hit by a bus? Still,its something to keep an eye on and watch for changes.

                      I suggest you don't worry to much about it. The chance of it going in any year is very remote. Even the cumulative chance of it going in the next 100 or even 1000 years is remote. Remember this thing goes on a scale on the order of a half a million years. However, I also suggest that when some politician running for president,perhaps who wants you to think hes some sort of "maverick" ridicules an earmark to pay a geologist or geophysicist to monitor volcanos,you might consider whether or not hes the sharpest tack in the box.

                      The chance is small but these things need to be watched and studied. As we understand more about them we may be able to predict if they are near eruption. Yellow Stone is not the ONLY super volcano. Any one of them has the potential to kill hundreds of millions or even billions.

                      Of course,I hope that by the time it goes we have gotten our acts together.

                      I can just imagine its 300 years in the future. Most of Siberia is farm land. The Most of the coastlines that we know now are submerged and in many cases the new coastlines are miles "inland". After the wars that started 200 years ago and lasted until almost 100 years ago,the political boundaries have been redrawn and the new nations and the remaining old ones have renegotiated access to natural resources that they need to survive. There is widespread contamination from the desperate switch to fission power 150 years ago when the coal supply,the last of the fossil fuels to be fully exploited, finally was depleted to a level that there simply was not enough available to meet demand at any price. That contamination was what finally stopped the wars,which were one major cause of damaged reactors,and what spurred the large scale research projects to finally develop fusion energy. Although most of the disasters that were warned of 300 years ago has come to pass,humanity survives,taking the steps necessary to provide for a population that finally stabilized at 20 billion physical people with another 220 billion living in the computerized virtual world. In many ways,life is very different,eating a diet of mostly synthetic foods made from CO2 and N2 from the atmosphere and water,bound into synthetically produces sugars and amino acids with the energy from fusion reactors. In others they are the same. People still get married and occasionally have children although the ideas of a distinction regarding gender and marriage have become as obsolete as legally defined gender itself. Once we had fully understood biology as an engineering discipline,being able to manufacture complex life forms,and building them cell by cell into complex machines,it became possible to completely rebuild a human at a cellular level and change any aspect as we pleased.

                      I imagine its 300 years in the future,and scientists notice the super volcano in Yellow Stone is no longer stable. Although the geologists understanding of the volcano has greatly increased over the past 300 years,predicting its behavior is still as much art as science. What is certain however,at least to the geologists watching it is that its getting ready to blow. The only question is,whether its in 100 years or 1000 years.

                      Its 300 years in the future,and people start debating what to do. They start debating how far back people need to be moved out so that they are not in the blast area. They start to debate whether the evacuation will be manditory. They start to debate how long the damage will last and how supplies will need to be stockpiled for 20 billion physical humans. The residents of the virtual reality dont want to pay ,in whatever they use for currency in the year 2300,to relocate the food factories and infrastructure. 100 years later,when it finally blows "without warning" (although the geologists had been warning for 100 years) they are still debating,just like they did on a dozen different issues that caused untold millions of cumulative deaths and unimaginable suffering over the last 300 years.

                      However much things have changed,some things about us probably never will.

                        #6.1 - Tue Apr 12, 2011 12:25 AM EDT

                        Michael,

                        I knew that. Actually, I'm not really afraid of volcanoes.

                        I am more afraid of people who can't drive when I'm out and about on my motorcycle.

                          #6.2 - Tue Apr 12, 2011 1:47 PM EDT
                          Reply

                          SPIDEY Tha YUH

                            Reply#7 - Mon Apr 11, 2011 8:12 PM EDT

                            Yeah sorry about the loss

                              Reply#8 - Mon Apr 11, 2011 8:12 PM EDT

                              Chances of occurring in any one particular year over the next 100k years extremely low, the chances of an eruption occurring sometime within that 100k year window fairly high. Summation - who knows it could be just as likely next year as in 50k years. Now this is a scenario that at least our universities, and research institutions ought to be entertaining, and formulating a plan for survival of the nation. Perhaps a waste of time, but perhaps, just perhaps a smart move.

                                Reply#9 - Tue Apr 12, 2011 10:03 AM EDT

                                If you're interested in more research the University of Utah is conducting, Follow us on Twitter and Facebook!

                                Twitter: http://bit.ly/i5fvDF

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                                  Reply#10 - Tue Apr 12, 2011 11:36 AM EDT

                                  If you're interested in more research the University of Utah is conducting, Follow us on Twitter and Facebook!

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                                    Reply#11 - Tue Apr 12, 2011 11:37 AM EDT

                                    With the relatively recent increase in volcanic activity and earthquakes, and El Nino, maybe the magma is warming up. It'd make some kinda sense that "global warming" would be related to that. How many cigars would Al Gore have to smoke to equal the amount of heat being dumped into the atmosphere by these events?

                                      Reply#12 - Tue Apr 12, 2011 12:11 PM EDT

                                      jerry,

                                      Cigars? He smokes cigars?

                                      Sorry, couldn't help myself.

                                        #12.1 - Tue Apr 12, 2011 1:48 PM EDT
                                        Reply

                                         There's always the domino effect as well. Are any of you aware of the fault line that goes from the Canadian border - Br. Col. - down to Oregon? If an earthquake was to happen, and one of the same magnitude as the one in Japan, this might possibly "wake up" the sleeping giant underneath Yellowstone.   

                                          Reply#13 - Tue Apr 12, 2011 2:02 PM EDT
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