
Bigelow Aerospace / msnbc.com
A scale model shows Bigelow Aerospace's proposed lunar colony, prefabricated using inflatable modules, with lunar landers in the background.
For 45 years, an international treaty has barred countries from laying claim to the moon and other celestial bodies — but some policy analysts say private ventures might be able to stake their claims, and they want Congress to create a legal framework that takes advantage of the "loophole."
The concept was unveiled last week by Rand Simberg, an adjunct scholar at the Washington-based Competitive Enterprise Institute, and it aims to take advantage of the same market incentives that drove the settlement of the American frontier. The way Simberg sees it, the lack of property rights in space "partially explains why we have not developed the next and, in a sense, last frontier — space."
The inability to claim sovereignty over other worlds goes back to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. A hundred countries, including the United States and all the other spacefaring nations, are parties to that treaty.
Yet another treaty, drawn up in 1979, bars private ownership of extraterrestrial property in the solar system — but that pact, known as the Moon Treaty, has not been ratified by any of the world's spacefaring nations. The differences between the two treaties suggest that it's possible to have private ownership without national sovereignty, and that's the loophole that Simberg wants to take advantage of.
Multibillion-dollar incentive?
Backers of the proposed legislation, known as the Space Settlement Prize Act, say it could create, "at no cost to taxpayers, a multibillion-dollar incentive for private companies to finance and build permanent settlements on the moon and/or Mars."
The proposal would set up a process for the U.S. government to recognize ownership of extraterrestrial territory if a private venture establishes a permanently inhabited settlement on another world. For example, the first venture to establish a moonbase could lay claim to up to 600,000 square miles of the lunar surface. Having the first Mars base would entitle the operators to up to 3.6 million square miles of the Red Planet. Putting a permanent base on an asteroid could be rewarded by with up to 1 million square miles of surface area, depending on how big the asteroid was.
The owners would have to guarantee that anyone could buy a ticket to travel to the territory. Each succeeding settlement group would be allotted 15 percent less land than their predecessor. And if two potential claimants couldn't resolve a land dispute, U.S. courts could step in.
But doesn't that sound like sovereignty?
"In some sense, it gives the imprimatur of the U.S. government," Simberg said. "But it doesn't make it a sovereignty question. It's a recognition, not an appropriation." He said the first commercial moon colonies could well be headquartered in different countries. In that case, the United States would be recognizing the property rights of non-U.S. ventures on another world.
What would the U.S. do?
Simberg emphasized that the federal government wouldn't be obligated to take any action to defend extraterrestrial property owners. "How the U.S. government would respond to future claims and conflicts of claims on the moon would be entirely a political decision," he said.
Some legal experts say the loophole doesn't really exist. They point to a section of the Outer Space Treaty that holds national governments responsible for the space settlement activities of their citizens, and say that would preclude any effort to uphold property claims.
"Even if the United States withdrew from the treaty in order to implement such land grants, what would stop the Chinese from adopting domestic legislation that went further?" Berin Szoka and James Dunstan asked in an essay published by Wired. "What if the first time a Chinese probe lands on the moon, the moon could be claimed by the 'Great Wall Company,' owned by the People’s Liberation Army? The United States would then be left to argue that our law should be followed, but the Chinese law shouldn’t. That’s precisely the kind of territorial jockeying the Outer Space Treaty was intended to prevent."
Simberg said a lunar land grab would almost certainly not play out that way. If Chinese leaders really wanted to take over the moon — a scenario that billionaire Robert Bigelow laid out last year — all they'd have to do is withdraw from the Outer Space Treaty and do what they will. "They wouldn't try to play this legislative game," Simberg said.
Why go to the trouble?
The bigger question is, why would anyone go to the trouble of claiming the moon, or Mars, or an asteroid? Right now, there's nothing out there that's worth the hundreds of billions of dollars it would take for a commercial venture to set up its own space program and establish a beachhead beyond Earth. But Simberg and his colleagues say that situation could change if the cost of spaceflight goes down and the perceived value of extraterrestrial resources (helium-3? rare earth elements?) goes up.
Simberg acknowledged that he's thinking about the long-term future of beyond-Earth settlement rather than short-term campaign issues. "Nothing like this is going to pass this year," he said. What he'd love to see is a new international process that takes the place of the Outer Space Treaty and provides a jump-start for private-sector space colonies.
"The treaty's outdated," he said. "It just doesn't work. I don't think anyone back then could conceive of a private launch system based on the Isle of Man, launching somebody into orbit who would then be transferred to L1 [an Earth-moon transfer point] on a tug that was run out of Dubai, and then to a lander operated by somebody in Australia."
Does all this sound like science fiction, or future science fact? Feel free to register your vote in the poll above, or share your opinion as a comment below.
More about space settlement:
- Could lunar real estate spark a future war?
- Colonies on the moon? It's not a loony idea
- Russia wants to build moon colonies
- Synthetic life could help humans colonize Mars
Alan Boyle is msnbc.com's science editor. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the log's Facebook page, following @b0yle on Twitter or adding Cosmic Log's Google+ page to your circle. You can also check out "The Case for Pluto," my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for other worlds.


"I own the moon and stars. They're mine. MINE!"
When you go and live there, all the area you have put to use is yours. You have a right to expand it as long as others can locate elsewhere. The first to land has first right to claim what they can put into use until all of the territory is claimed. Laws be damned. If you aren't there to claim it, it isn't yours. Nobody has the right to claim or sell what they do not first possess. I can just see politicians lining their pockets selling phony rights to the surface of the moon and elsewhere.
Whoever is first to develop antigravity technology, and a vehicle based on it, will find the Moon about as close as the local parking lot. It will be easy to literally stake out lots of territory quickly. I call THAT a real RACE!
And there are indications that it can be done too. See:
scripturalphysics.org/4v4a/ADVPROP.html#MotionCancellers
scripturalphysics.org/4v4a/ADVPROP.html#GeometrySpaceTimeMotion
Only way I see this being accepted by the rest of the world is if it's the UN that gets put in charge of the allotments of land, not the US.
I own Risa,
What happens on Risa, Stays on Risa!
Well, I can see that we're all having a lot of fun with this and it is interesting, but folks this could become a very serious issue before you know it.
Just let the next moon lander or mars lander find something really valuable like the aforementioned rare earth minerals which China has the lock on right now and WHAM! you're going to have private industry and even whole governments racing to stake their claim.
You'd be amazed at how fast a consortium of companies could be put together and a mission launched to colonize the moon. Ten years? Try 3-5 years from right now! It can be done when the profit potential is large enough.
Geez, "manifest destiny" in space. I can't begin to list all the reasons this is so wrong and why it will eventually happen. Then you'll have to have private armies to protect your mineral rights. That will draw the various nations of the world into the conflict to "protect their citizens" and the snowball will roll completely out of control.
I think this may be the most chilling article I've read in months.
There needs to be a treaty, NOW, that will stop this craziness before it starts.
NOW, I understand what 'Moon Unit Gingrich' is all about.
I think "moon unit" might aptly describe you.
Space colonization is the one thing that will save humanity from a variety of natural or man-made calamities, but you anti-free marketeers, who have always had disdain for the concept of ownership, in your blind allegiance to your ideology will prevent humanity from achieving this. Instead you're forcing all space exploration, research and development through governments, which waste billions of dollars for mere politics.
Kehvan, you don't have a clue what you are talking about. I have talked with Skip on many occasions (heya Skip!) and the person or people you describe in your comment are nothing like him.
And further more, when you talk about your "blind allegiance to your ideology" you better just look in the mirror because you are also speaking in absolutes.
Skip is right to be apprehensive about this. We all should be VERY apprehensive about this. Why? Because this is legislation aimed only at providing COMPANIES with a route towards owning land off Earth. That's the problem. This is NOT a land rush like in the American frontier. That was families and groups of people pioneering new lives for themselves and their children, ultimately starting communities which led to an expansion of American culture itself.
This legislation is much different. It is all about big business getting even bigger. And even if it helps expand the culture of us Earthlings to places beyond the Earth, it will not be a good kind of expansion.
This is not about being anti-free market. I am a greedy capitalist and I actually do want to colonize the Moon. But there are more responsible ways to do it. We should not hand over sizable plots of land to corporations simply because they were there first. I tend to agree with Softdude, you should only own land that you use. And I don't think corporations should be excluded from this. Under this legislation that the article is talking about Corporations would be the only ones with opportunity and THAT'S what I have a problem with. Opportunity should be in the hands of the people. And through THOSE means is the ONLY way corporations should play ANY role.
As the human race expands into space to exploit the resources we find there we must move outward as Good Stewards of the cosmic landscape. We must not continue our reckless abandon that has cleared mountain tops to get at the finite minerals below. We can be greedy capitalists without destroying the Earth and all the other cosmic bodies we find useful resources on. It is in our best interests to find a better way.
I agree. There needs to be a path for private ownership, not just for corporations.
The heck with the moon and stars, I'm claiming galaxies!!
As "Supreme Emperor of the Universe" and "Master of Time and Space" I already own all that can be seen and will be seen. I will be willing to rent out any assessable land for a nominal fee plus security deposit.
Bizarre concept, as if! Really.
Hey Mob, thanks for the shout-out and for watching my six!
Kehvan, I don't know what your problem is. I didn't call anybody any names, well, other than "Moon unit Gingrich" but he's in the public domain and fair game.
I don't come here for an argument. I come here to make a point and the point I have made is valid. Private companies are going to leap into space travel and colonization as soon as they can make a profit doing so. Just let something precious and valuable be found on some rock in space and there will be a stampede to get there that will put the California Gold Rush to shame.
Before that happens there need to be laws, procedures, and some guidelines so it won't be "winner take all" and start an armed conflict.
We are a greedy, short-sighted and self-delusional species and we need a "ten commandments of space exploration and colonization" before this race really takes off in the next 10-25 years.
The fact that we have no iron-clad agreement in place is chilling and folks like you, are the very reason it is so dangerous.
You need to educate yourself about the early exploration and colonization of the remote parts of THIS world to understand the issue. We've been there, done that and frankly it didn't work out so well. Read THE FATAL IMPACT or THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA or KING LEOPOLD'S GHOST if you want to understand what I'm talking about. Or, you could just look at American history and the way we've treated the indigenous people of this continent.
Take care Mob, and always a pleasure to read your name and words of wisdom.
Skip -- Say it ain't so! ; )
When we landed on the moon in 1969 ALL US citizens at that time should be given an equal portion of the moon.
7 acres each
If no country can claim sovereignty over the moon, we dont need and congress CANT create a legal framework for private ventures. They dont have jurisdiction. Nobody does. The days of claiming "this" land for God and Country are over.
I don't know about any "loophole" but common sense tells me that in order to enforce any land claim, you must have a presence to defend the claim. Does that not make sense?
'Fraid so, DC. There, I said it.
Where does Gingrich stand on this?
The name was available...no one else had it...mars is all mine :D
America has my back Hal, put a rover on mars to act as (among other things) defense and security.
But seriously, the way the laws are written now couldn't a private organization already build a base, and essentially move there? Claim it's their new "home". I mean...surely there area few out there with the resources to do that already...and as stated earlier, the second we find something useful in space (like moon oil or something) big business will be there. What is stopping them from taking over out there? My rover?
I think we should take a different approach to this than the dark ages method we've been using since...well...since way before the dark ages.
Maybe the old space agreement could be extended to say that thee matters can only be decided by anonymous votes held by those occupying the celestial body. I think it's called democracy. That way, private people, organizations, and countries all have incentive to go into space should it become profitable, but in doing so do not immediately own all of space itself just because their penis touched it first.
The point of the entire debate seems to me to be the economic motive. If extremely expensive space exploration is to ever be undertaken by corporate profit driven ventures, then there must be some guarantee of return on investment. If there is no legal structure by which to secure an extraterrestrial claim, whether on the Moon or Mars or elsewhere, then there is no reason any company and it's stockholders would risk their capital resources to explore and develop such claims.
Some kind of binding legal terms and precedents need to be established. The suggestion of arbitration by the United Nations makes sense to me, it would at least give them something to do since they don't seem to be able to exert much genuine impact here on Earth.
As a model, for this legal framework, look to the functioning of the East India Company and other shipping and transport ventures in the colonial era, and also the exploration and settlement of what became the western United States. Just because Lewis and Clarke were the first to make their way all the way from the Mississippi to the west coast didn't give them the right to claim it all, either for themselves or for the U.S.
Obviously, disputes should be avoided as costs are so extreme. The First Come First Entitled scenario described in the article does make a certain amount of sense, but I'm not sure where they're coming up with the numbers... 15% of what remains for each go 'round?
mike
that is what the moon treaty was supposed to do, with the actual enforcement mechanism left to be created at a point where such an endeavour was being proposed (instead of just contemplated).
...and here we are, at precisely that juncture...
no we aren't. We have no companies that are seriously consider it, largely because there is no viable business model that supports it at this time.
"What is stopping them from taking over out there? My rover?"
Marsisallmine, define 'taking over.'
You won't have a lock on all the world's commercial spaceship technology. Whoever sold you the ride, will sell to others. If it's practical for you to get there, it's practical for others to get there. It'll be hard enough for you to protect, say, a few tens of square miles of desirable Lunar surface from 'claim jumpers.' The notion that you can have a private military to enforce a claim to the entire Moon (or any substantial part of it) is a fantasy. Even large governments would have a very difficult time doing that. (see the Martin Cadin 1967 novel 'No Man's World' for a similar scenario)
Oh, and as a US citizen (I'm assuming, but fill in the blank with whatever your nationality may be), you still have corporate assets down here, and a need for support from down here, that can easily be controlled or seized. If there's a serious problem, you'll never be allowed to sell an ounce of whatever resource you recover...and there's no other planet but Earth (for a long time, anyway) that you might sell to, instead.
No man (and his work crew, who just want to make some money and spend it back home, not play Lunar empire games) is an island, even on the Moon.
And if it's not practical to get there, if we take forever for Lunar transportation to get beyond the Apollo-like stage of a massive launch to get just 2-3 people there for a few days and back, then all this is a theoretical exercise. (but necessary, because sooner or later, everyone will be able to get there economically enough to matter.)
Do not spread the /corporate/capitalist disease into space.
All you have to do is look at the economic state of affairs on Earth to realize it's a failed concept. What they are asking for is just the old "plant the flag in the name of _______" BS that had the old world nations coming to the places they wanted colonize and granting exclusive ownership to themselves by way of divine right of their gods or king, irrespective of who might already live there.
Real estate/private property rights is the oldest economic ruse in the book and is the worst possible motive for exploring space. Do you really believe that a corporation is going to care about what destruction or pollution they might create on virgin planets when you take look about how they care about such things on Earth?
There is no way private ownership in space should even be considered until it can be shown to be ethically responsible here.
Humans should be considered a virus infection until they can demonstrate the intelligence of self restraint.
culheath: First, define 'better.' Then show me a system that actually works better. We've seen how well Communism has done. Russia and to a large extent China gave it up. Capitalism is like what Churchill said of democracy, it's the worst system...except for all the others.
Then please proceede to disabuse yourself of the notion that all spaceflight is and must be space exploration. Once you've 'explored,' you're going to do something with these places, if it's practical to do so. Or did you forget that the Earthly 'age of exploration' typically had some practical goal underlying it?
"Do you really believe that a corporation is going to care about what destruction or pollution they might create on virgin planets when you take look about how they care about such things on Earth?"
Let's see...rocks that have no life, no atmosphere, no protection from solar and galactic radiation (and never did), extremely hot, extremely cold, or alternates of both. Go ahead, show me how anyonne is going to 'pollute' that?
"Humans should be considered a virus infection until they can demonstrate the intelligence of self restraint."
As to be judged by whom? Extraterrestrials of unknown values? Yourself?
I agree Frank, Culheath is trying to hug a tree where there is none.:)--S--
When has the United States ever honored a treaty when big money was at stake?
barlow
Because the US relies on other nations for logistical support. If the US withdraws from the treaty (which is its right), then other nations that remain as members of the treaty are no longer allowed to work with the US in any matter.
The issue of getting into space isn't just a matter of setting up a launch pad, there are MANY MANY issues that transcend national boundaries.
I'll take Olympus Mons!
The best real estate gets the most solar energy. Development without that will only occur by purchasing the materials and energy from the first to arrive. It is a race which will have few winners.
The craters on the moon with all the ice will also be very valuable.
I'm OK with Mons Pubis.
I claim Uranus.
Me and my pal Marvin are going to blow up the moon, we invented the PU-38 space modulator and we're going to use it. Bugs Bunny will not be able to stop us this time.
John, just tell him when he has the shot he needs to take it. That rabbit will not give you a second chance.
Rand's scenario involving the entrepreneurs in the Isle of Man, Dubai, and Australia will be quite realistic a few years from now. Space is no longer the exclusive playground of the USA and Russia.
Agreed, And I'm all for the "de-nationalization " of space enterprises!! Who knows, maybe this will be the driving force to eventually unify the human race? In my dreams anyway!!--S--
the outer space treaty effectively denies Australia and any other small country from seriously getting into the space business by requiring any launching nation to assume all liability for the activities in space. With the extreme high costs associated with space, that basically takes any smaller countries out of the mix.
Can't we set up a world body to authorize claims to extraterrestrial property? Allow any country to send a representative and vote on which companies get land grants for development. Said contracts could expire if the company doesn't act quickly enough. If enough people eventually settle on a planet or moon, they could set up their own govt and finish the process.
We could start simple - space colonists can claim as their own any volume that they have made habitable, along with the structures and equipment needed to make it habitable. Areas that are not habitable would not need to be claimed, at least not at first. Then comes the more difficult matter of "mineral rights", including any deposits of water or ice that might be found - some negotiations and claim registration might be needed there to prevent disputes.
Finally, if population gets high enough, transportation corridors would have to be established, owned either by "the public" or by the transportation company.
Any land remaining, uninhabited, with no valuable minerals and not needed for transportation, would remain unclaimed.
Hmm. How much will it cost me to 'buy' a representative, especially from a little country that has absolutely no capacity to do any extraterrestrial resource recovery itself, and so, nothing to lose...?
You know, a whole lot of really smart people have already thought through a bunch of scenarios that fit here. We can just hop on to Amazon, Barnes & Noble, or even Gutenberg for some!
"Sun shines in the rusty morning
Skyline of the Olympus Mons
I think about it sometimes
Sun shines in the rusty morning
Once I had a good fly
Into the mountain
I will fall
Into the mountain"
The bridge is going to be crossed sooner or later...already there are as many private space companies as countries with a space program. The resources we have here won't last forever, and only a fool or a fatalist would pass up a potential windfall.
Seriously, isn't the multi-Trillion dollars arms race enough for these blood sucking vampires, do they really need to draw more blood from the hapless brainwashed taxpayers?
Read my lips (typing) , we are broke.
Meditate on this for awhile.
http://www.usdebtclock.org/
Did you even read the article?
No, Ad'M just hates anything and everything to do with space and is incapable of doing research into the vast amount of economic and technologic benefits NASA has given us over the year, quite a bit thanks to manned space flight.
Although, it's a strange admission on Ad'm's part calling himself a "hapless brainwashed taxpayer"...
Simple economics explains why we have not developed the next and last frontier of space, the cost of getting up there is just too high, and there isn't nearly enough economic return to justify the high cost. Now that might change if dramatic breakthroughs cuts the cost substantially, but there is no obvious way to do that.
Besides, if someone were to travel up there - perhaps a billionaire willing to squander a fortune - they could lay claim to whatever space parcel they wanted, and there isn't anything the Governments of Earth could - or would - do about it. But of course if another billionaire landed next door, they'd have to resolve any land disputes themselves, they couldn't count on earth governments to resolve any disputes on the Moon or other planets.
So there is no need to be concerned about mere Earthly treaties for future space colonists, just go and do their own land grab.
CM - Actually space X has stated that if they can make their entire Falcon 9 rocket reusable, they would then essentially only have to pay for minor maintenance and fuel, dropping launch costs from $60 million down to approx $500,000 according to Elon Musk.
Like I said in an above post, it makes more sense for the UN to be the government to keep track of the land grabs and such instead of any one country. As for enforcement... while we may have difficulty getting to their location to slap their wrist, we can quite easily stop any and all launches to their new territory from leaving Earth. Until a colony is fully self-sustaining, that will be a huge bargaining chip.
Also, as the article said a lot of these private companies will likely build settlement structures or offer them for building to others. Just like during the settling of the American frontier, it would not be unusual for individuals and families to sell all that they own and buy a piece of land on another world.
The business case is not there now for us to be concerned about this (much), but if progress in launch costs continue, we'll see increasingly serious discussion about property and mineral rights.
As the article mentions, this is indeed a long term goal.
You aint kidding, get back to me when they have invented a reusable vehicle that is capable of more than lower Earth orbit.
Falcon 9's first stage is reusable, as is the dragon capsule... soooo, close? If they can get the second stage to be reusable (they are working on it), the entire rocket would be reusable, and it is capable of GEO.
the second stage would go too high for it to be reusable, and at this point, the first stage isn't reusable, they are just looking at making it reusable.
Ah, you are correct, I must have just read something prior that stated they THOUGHT the first stage would be recoverable.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_9#Reusability
But, according to the above link, first stage should hopefully be recoverable by flight 6. Looking forward to what they learn from these flights :-)
not sure how they are going to do that, because it means they are going to include the fuel for the 'landing' on the lift off, and that is directly going to impact the payload mass.
The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress.
Rocket sled catapult those mineral loads straight at Washington and Peking, Manny! Good as nukes any day.
Jon - Not sure either, will leave that to the astronautical engineers :-)
brokinarrow,
I am an engineer, and I am saying, I have no clue how they are going to be able to pull it off. Also, in order to make the vehicle worth reusing, they need to design it so that the actual rocket stage can be reused many times. Currently they are designed to be used only once (the External tank for the shuttle was designed to be pressurized 5 times in total as an example, after that, it needs to be disposed of, though I believe it never actually got to that point).
To make the rocket stage worth reusing, is going to increase the mass, further reducing the effective throw weight of the stage.
We have the technology ... NOT
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjiGH9QNiU0
Jon - Oh ok, cool. What discipline of engineering are you in? I wish I could become an engineer, but math and I don't get along very well :-)
Anyway, it's definitely going to necessitate some creative thinking on the part of Space X's astronautical engineers, but I look forward to seeing what they come up with. Human ingenuity can overcome just about any obstacle it encounters.
I am a systems engineer but my educational background is mechanical.
The problem with the ingenuity is that currently, unlike in the past, we are approaching the physical limits of materials rather than the physical limits of our technology. The difference is that if your technology is lacking, you can improve it (take for example the efficiency and reliability of jet engines over the last 50 years), but once you hit the physical limits, there really isn't much room to maneuver. The engines that were on the space shuttle (the main ones, not the SRB's) where essentially about as close to 100% thermal efficiency as you could get, I believe about 97 or 98% efficient based on the stored energy potential in the fuel/oxidizer combination. So no matter what anyone says, those engines just are not going to get any better, either from a thrust, or an efficiency standpoint.
SpaceX is going to hit the same wall, so that means that instead of accomplishing their objective using a more efficient engine (meaning you can now carry the same payload with the same amount of fuel oxidizer), they are going to have to accomplish it by having a smaller payload.
Depending on how many hours (well most rocket engines have a life rating in minutes) those engines can be fired, the value statement in reusability is probably not even there, at least not in the forseeable future.
Well, even if the payload has to get a bit smaller, with a fully reusable rocket quoted at the prices Elon Musk has mentioned, it will still be cheaper to put up two or three launches of the same rocket vs one that has to be built from scratch each and every time.
Also, I'll direct your attention to the career section on Space X's webpage:
http://www.spacex.com/careers.php
Notice the section titled "Structures Engineering" with several positions for carbon and composite specialist engineers. It would appear they are searching for a stronger-lighter material to build rockets with :-)
That strategy would be a non-starter since you want to reduce the number of seams, interfaces, not increase. And definitively, not increase interfaces with different material on either side, poor stress flow and creates vibration modes.
I would think the best approach for materials is to strive for the ideal liquid that would be strong and stiff enough to contain the various pressures at operating conditions, including temperature, humidity, ambient pressure and mechanical induced forces. And the minimum interfaces as possible.
broken
The payload is already on order of less than 5% of the total lift off mass. It can't get much smaller before your throw weight becomes negligible.
Also, composites won't buy you much because you are dealing with two variables here. The increase in weight due to more fuel/oxidizer, and also if you are going to reuse the rocket stage, the increase in weight due to the design that is intended to be reused. Right now, rocket stages are generally not designed to be reused, so they are designed to be as light as possible, and the structural integrity is designed to only go through a few stress cycles (testing, launch pad refuel attempts) and that is it.
Either way, the falcon rocket would have to be completely redesigned, and the rocket motor technology would have to advance far beyond the current state of the art. Right now, rocket motors have a life cycle rated in minutes, whereas jet engines have life cycles rated in thousands of hours. If your rocket motor isn't reliably reusable (which the shuttle program painfully came to realize), then your most expensive component of your rocket stage (the motor) makes the economics of reusing the entire stage just not viable.
This is the reason others in space will not want us to venture out. It is NOT ours to just take & if it is we are to share.
Let me know when these superior 'others' show up to share what they must already have...
You believe we are the only living beings in space ? There are planets billions of years younger & billions of years older then ours. I`m pretty sure that goes along with the living beings on them also.
We are here right ? They have been finding livable planets daily now with new tech.
And No , I don`t wear a tin foil hat .
Didn't suggest you did, and my assertion was serious. If someone's out there, and inclined to take it upon themselves to judge who else deserves to leave their planet because we don't meet their notions of behavior, then let them reveal themselves and presumably help us.
If 'sharing' is that important to them, then let them share what they know and have, and not simply judge. Otherwise, I'm not interested in a species that seems to be as arrogant as some say that we are.
But even accepting their existence, you do seem to assume knowledge of ET behavior and ethics without foundation, yes. I don't assume aliens are necessarily 'better' than us, whatever that may mean. I don't assume that the capacity for interstellar flight necessarily proves they are, either.
1 year residency required to establish right to own
This is likely a scenario that will never happen. We haven't figured out how to live together on earth without annihilating one another. Now we are talking about mass genocide of living species on other worlds to satisfy our lust for greed, conquest, colonization and resource strip mining of whole other planets and systems in the cosmos. If we are smart enough to venture out. I'm certain there is already something out there which is smart enough to venture here. And do the exact same thing to us. Maybe we should be spending all of that money on preparation for that little problem first.
"Now we are talking about mass genocide of living species on other worlds to satisfy our lust for greed, conquest, colonization and resource strip mining of whole other planets and systems in the cosmos."
How off Earth did you derive that from anything in this article?
Because that is the complete history of Earth and Mankind down through our ENTIRE history - and JohnnyB-433715 is smart enough to recognize and anticipate that (and I agree with him 1,000%).
Look at what is this conversation about - "How Earth people can divide THEIR OWNERSHIP of the Entire rest of The Universe".
.
Klaatu - where are you when we need you??
If we're going to survive in the long term as a species, this NEEDS to happen, and I'm a firm believer that it is a matter of when, not if.
Apparently JohnnyB and MikeP are under the impression that
A) There are living species on other worlds
and
B) That we are able to conquer and strip mine other planets and systems in the cosmos.
Since the article is about claiming property on the Moon, Mars and asteroids, they appear to be well in advance of the data.
JohnnyB-433715 any human conflict on the Moon or Mars, if limited to those bodies, will effect no other species because there are non there to effect. I mean have you even read the article? It does not talk of travel to other star, but to other planets in this (our) solar system. Even if we do find life on Mars it is likely to be microbial and we will likely be of no threat to it. That being said, I can see a case where those futture human colonies become ether places with no law or fiefdoms of whatever company staked a claim. So I agree with those people that call for laws to be drafted to deal with this before it happens, but those laws should also protect the rights of the people that would work and live in the setelments.
Man will destroy themselves before anything like this is possible.
Keep your Moon deed with your confederate money, you know the worthless stuff.
And breaking the sound barrier is impossible too, eh?
"If we are smart enough to venture out. I'm certain there is already something out there which is smart enough to venture here. And do the exact same thing to us."
If that's true, then we're at risk, whether we go anywhere and do anything, or not, isn't it?
Unless you suggest someone will come all the way here across very many light-years, to smack our knuckles with a cosmic ruler, just because we dared go dig up and use a few rocks on already cold lifeless bodies, here in our (yes, our, not their) own solar system...
We may not be able to stop them, but I submit that a species that righteous and arrogant is not in a morally superior position to us.
I didn't say a virulent warring species would be in a morally superior position to us. I suggested they would be Like us. Just more advanced. And to those who say this is "our Solar System". I say who in the world told you that?! Most of us don't even own the homes we live in. Or the shirts on our backs (usually bought with credit). Arrogance is assuming that everything in the universe is yours to spoil & plunder. Just like we have spoiled the Earth. But not to worry. This is all moot. We aren't done blowing ourselves up here yet over goofy earth things like sex, skin color, oil, religion and money. And what if a more advanced species from out there somewhere have already claimed Mars? Our little treaties could precipitate a war to the death with them. And before you scorn the thought. I submit you don't even know whether it or they exist or not.
"And before you scorn the thought. I submit you don't even know whether it or they exist or not."
Nope, I don't. What I'm saying is that if there's something that is 'someone like us but more powerful' is out there, and if that's to be considered a risky thing, then it's a concern whether we go after extraterrestrial resources, or not. Such beings could conceivably show up tomorrow, next week, or at any time before we gain the ability to do this, and so it's a problem that's irrelevant to extraterrestrial property rights, it's a general First Contact problem. They may come here for reasons completely unrelated to our mining a few nearby rocks.
"And to those who say this is "our Solar System". I say who in the world told you that?!"
Conversely, who is to say that it is not? Hypothetical ETs of unknown values? Who would they be to say? (and if they can physically come here, it'll be in spacecraft made of stuff that was taken out of either the world on which they evolved...or another one. Does anything truly belong to anyone? The philosophical answer will not be the same as the legal one.)
"Most of us don't even own the homes we live in. Or the shirts on our backs (usually bought with credit)."
(shrug) I rent. I know this will never be my property in any legal sense, nor is it necessary that it become so. Nor have I ever bought clothing with credit, my shirts are indeed mine. But if you want things beyond your ability to pay cash for (and if saving first may take an unreasonable time, as in a car or home) then credit is necessary for economy as we know it. It's also irrelevant in many legal situations. If I cause an accident in a car that is only half paid off, the bank won't have legal liability, will they? As far as the courts will be concerned, it's registered in my name, I was driving, I am the owner. (indeed, I did once appear at proceedings for a friend who was ticketed for speeding in my car, though only to state for the record that they were driving it with my knowledge and permission) An argument like yours won't sway them.
"And what if a more advanced species from out there somewhere have already claimed Mars?"
As I said to someone else, if there's someone operating that close, then they must know there's spacefaring life (barely, but we are, and will only get better...presumably everyone starts somewhere) on the third planet, and they've had plenty of time to reveal themselves and announce any such claim. If they remain silent, stealthy and wait until we personally appear on Mars or wherever and start doing something...is that our fault?
But by your logic, would they have any more of a 'right' to do so than us? Are they also 'spoiling and plundering?' Especially (but not necessarily) if they're in any meaningful sense 'like us?'
Sorry, I don't buy the notion of one set of ethical rules for ETs, and another for humans.
sorry there are no laws in space so @!$%# off this land IS my land and ill take yours too just to spite you
which will work up until you realize all your food and supplies still come from Earth ;-) Now, once a colony is fully self-sustaining... I could see it thinking about declaring it's independence. But, I don't think that would occur with colonies on Mars, as people will want to return to visit relatives and such on Earth (as well as see some real vegetation for a change), among other things that would be nice for the colony, such as interplanetary trade, etc.
there is water on the moon and growing food is also an option ive designed telescoping structures that start at 10feet tall and then blows up a bag that stretches it till they are 7 feet tall they can go further for storage and stuff like that and since they are mainly solid you can just drop them on the surface and then pop them out using air pressure and since the moons gravity is so low they could even land on the telescoping point and stretch out then fall over and not be broken plus the water harvester can fit right in the tip of the module so there is your water and inside the bags there are rooms and growing areas already made as well as a solar power station and if you park on the spot nasa has picked out then you would have access to the sun all year round plus a giant water filled crater right next to you
Interesting concept. Growing plants and such up there is definitely doable, livestock for meat production on the other hand may be more difficult... although I think I remember an article about some artificial meat replacement that is supposed to be pretty close in both taste and texture to actual meat, so that could be a possibility as well.
i figured you could raise small animals like rabbits or something along those lines and feed them the parts of the vegetation you dont eat and use their poop and stuff for fertilizers and whatever
It will be interesting to see the progression of life in the colonies. First it will be small structures housing only people, then there will be small plant crops, then larger plant crops and some small livestock, and so on and on moving ever forward to a fully developed ecosystem. This progression could do wonders in terms of helping us realize just how fragile life is here on Earth, and we would learn volumes about best practices for the future.
Red Mars/Green Mars/Blue Mars trilogy by Kim Stanley Robinson. Pretty solid layout of how you might make it work.
Chilly, thanks for mentioning those, started reading Red Mars today and I'm already hooked :-D
"Not your damn planet monkeyboy !" - John Smallberries (Buckaroo Banzai)
Wherever you go, there you are.
It seems to me that no-one outside of Earth can have any treaty for the rest of the solar system. Those treaties are BS, also, why the focus on the USA? Who cares about what the USA says about the moon or Mars, or an asteroid? If someone goes to the moon and stakes a claim, more power to them. Are the moon police going to go there and arrest them for trespassing? I think the ulterior motive behind it is that there are structures on the moon, and probably Mars, and the government cover ups don't want us "common folk" to know about it. That's why these countries all agreed to put a ban on it. Someone said it right in a previous post, there are more private space ventures now than official government space programmes, so it's just a matter of time. My personal opinion is that a new world should have new laws that actually work and we should break free from the self serving political BS we as Earth inhabitants have to endure. Let's face it, the only ones in this world who are getting filthy rich are those who exploit the Earths resources (like big oil) and those who exploit the citizens of the Earth (politicians and government). Probably I'll be visited by men in black suits and sent away for this comment ...
Or the men in white suits with the butterfly nets...
Holy crazy Batman!
I actually currently live in China, so the men in the red suits ...
Good answer..aside from the lower stages of 6 lunar modules, can you tell us of any other structures on the moon, BTW?
I'm sure you're capable of doing your own research.
Yes, well purely scientific research would show that aside from the lunar modules, there are no other artificial structures on the moon, and none on Mars aside from the rovers and landers.
As for the new settlements having their own laws... I think that could be perfectly doable. It would make sense for the colony to set up it's own rule of law that would work for it. And as I've said before, if a colony becomes fully self-sustaining, it could possibly declare independence from Earth.
I'm envisioning one penalty within this new law system called "Expulsion" and since physical resources are expensive to transport to and maintain on a lunar colony, we simply must insist that you aren't going to be able to take that space suit with you when you are expelled.
Come to think of it we might want to keep the water inside you too...
Maybe instead of expulsion, it could be Recycled....
Soylent Green is people!
And they taste much better than Soylent Yellow...
And for god's sakes, avoid the Soylent Brown...
Where are the Aliens when you need them? I have a feeling if they'd be up against intergalactic natives and they wouldn't be as easy to conquer as the Native Americans were. Oh, one could only wish there would be a nice surprise in store!
Meh, they would probably be invertebrates. Bring on the spatulas!
"I have a feeling if they'd be up against intergalactic natives and they wouldn't be as easy to conquer as the Native Americans were." - Could you rephrase that string of words to actually say something, please?
One Earth-One Humanity!
7 Billion welcomes to the Alliance
I can see it now...
Enjoy miles of Coastline on the Sea of Tranquility...Drift off to sleep on the shores as you feel nearly weightless at my new Seaside Estate...
Of course, it's pretty much dust and no atmosphere but that's beside the point...imagine Beach Volleyball on the Moon...Actually, it would be kind of fun to watch a completely indoor Super Bowl take place on the moon so everyone would be 1/6th the weight....you'd need a giant stadium to handle the Kickoff...
Ok...so maybe it's not such a good idea...but, I would not put it past Walt Disney World to open up a Tomorrow Land on the moon as a new theme park sometime in the distant future.
(Wild Imagination...the hazards of commenting on an article like this late at night after a hard day of work...)
http://www.comedycentral.com/video-clips/ezxyw2/futurama-moon-park
so walmart and china will own the planets, since they are the only ones with deep enough pockets to get there???
Not my first choice (and I give that scenario a virtually zero probability, anyway), but it's preferable to not having it happen at all...
It's a funny idea, but implementing this is not easy. You will have to have artificial life support. That kind of infrastructure will cost a lot. There will need to be air, and some buildings, utilities, and a food source. It is a good idea, however, because, people can buy up tracts and make virtual cities in the computer, (3d animation like second life, kind of like a game but with real elements) and plan ahead for what it will look like. You can buy up plots of land and everything. Then governments and large industry can go and build the necessary infrastructure for life support systems and transportation systems to get there and back to earth. They will more likely do that if they have many people that are willing to build there , or live there, or even vacation there.
I predict it will be the super-rich that will be entrepeneurs in this.
Sure, we should have open claim to land up there, on planets like mars and our moon. That will help drive industry and the future. Probably mining and space tourism will be two high growth areas in this kind of space venture.
Laying claim to such things doesn't mean anthing if it can never be settled and no one can go there. But it is good, as a step towards going there, settling, and colonization.