Minute Physics creator Henry Reich doesn't shrink from tackling the big bang and other big deals in science, so it makes sense that he's now making sense of the Higgs boson. His timing is excellent, considering that the subatomic particle appears to have been discovered at Europe's $10 billion Large Hadron Collider. In today's three-minute video, Minute Physics explains how the Higgs boson subatomic particle fits into the bigger puzzle of the universe's structure at the lowest level ... and why physicists hope this isn't the end of the story.
But be forewarned: This is the first part of what's expected to be a three-part video series. And although Reich is well-versed in film as well as physics, this isn't a one-man operation. Reich relies on experts at Canada's Perimeter Institute for support and scientific back-stopping. So stay tuned for future installments of Minute Physics' Higgs boson saga.
The Godless Particle
Notice that the video makes no mention of the Higgs boson as the "God particle." That's a label that Nobel-winning physicist gave to the god-danged particle decades ago, but since then, scientists have come to loathe the term. In fact, the boson is better described as the "Godless Particle," says Lawrence Krauss, a theoretical physicist at Arizona State University. Here's his perspective, distilled into an email:
“The Higgs boson actually should probably be called the Godless particle. The background 'Higgs' field permeates all of space and is largely responsible for the existence of stars, planets and humans. The confirmation of the existence of this field strongly supports what modern physics has said for years: The many features of our universe can be largely accidental consequences of the conditions associated with the universe’s 'birth,' consistent with the laws of physics.
"Far from suggesting any higher power, the discovery at CERN takes particle physics one step further toward answering the question: 'Why is there something rather than nothing?' … by demonstrating the plausibility of the idea that everything we see could arise naturally from an initial state of no particles, and maybe no space, and maybe even no fixed laws — without supernatural shenanigans."
You'll be hearing a lot more about the Godless Particle from Krauss in the days ahead: He's writing an article on that theme for Newsweek, as well as an essay explaining the significance and physics of the discovery for The New York Times' Science Times section. To get the full cosmic story, you'll want to check out Krauss' latest book, "A Universe From Nothing."
While you're at it, check out these other efforts to explain the Higgs:
- The Higgs boson made simple
- The Guardian: Explain it to a 7-year-old
- Stephen Wolfram: The end of a 40-year story
Alan Boyle is msnbc.com's science editor. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the log's Facebook page, following @b0yle on Twitter and adding the Cosmic Log page to your Google+ presence. You can also check out "The Case for Pluto," my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.


Let's suppose that they did, in fact, find this elusive particle. If it does what they claim it does, how come it's not reacting the way they all predicted, contributing to the big bang right now? Is the boson a deadbeat particle? Was it done after the big bang happened? If they keep experimenting, they will find many more particles or energy levels present within the atom.
Just one laymans opinion, but it often seems that we are listening in on the world greatest minds, trying to prove that the Earth is the center of the universe from a thousand years ago...they have this theory (right or wrong), and are trying to prove it correct...evidence is being massaged to fit the model, and conclusions of evidence are accepted or discarded on a basis of whether it fits the model or not, and my guess, in a few hundred years from now all of this will be debunked...
Mr. PheaNiques,
Are you describing religion? Cause, you know, that's what the religious mind does: they have a theory (hypothesis actually, since their theory stands up to no evidence or experimentation) called The Bible or The Koran, etc., they go out and search for evidence to support that hypothesis, cast aside what doesn't fit, and vigourously deny that which does not fit.
If there ever were any scientific evidence to support the god hypothesis, you can bet your bottom the religious minds would embrace it like a long lost puppy instead of spitting in the face of science every at every opportunity.
@Captain
No, simply describing what seems to be a "band-aid ball" theory all wrapped around a base thoery which I believe is flawed (aka "big bang")...and what seems to be a Scientific Community unwilling to rip off a few band-aid to re-examine the underlying injury...
Now possibly, with the Higgs in Pocket, if it really is Higgs, because there seems to be some "unexpected" differences, someone will put the whole package together, with out needing magic to do so, put forth a coherent 1,2,3,4 theory and it will all make sense...but the everything suddenly and without cause, just sprang from nothing...it is a little hard to swallow
The boson embues particles with mass to varying degrees. You maintain your mass as do the planets and galaxies, so I'm assuming the boson is still quite busy holding the universe in the state in which it currently exists.
Higgs Boson is to Particles as Cheese Burgers are to Super Models?
We still have to get to that Big Bang Thang...connect the dots...Higgs Bosons and the Particles that make up the entire Universe come from one single infinitesimally small point and time in the ______, before which, neither existed???
The boson doesn't "contribute" to the big bang. This particle is a manifestation of the field that "tamed" the big bang ... and continues to keep things in sync.
thats great, so who put the field there to tame the massive energy of the big bang, sound alot like asking who created god....more circles....
You're asking the wrong question, Jon jon 78.
Instead of "who", you should try asking "what."
If it were a God, the question would become what created the God?
And, if it were a God, you should ask, is it the god I worship or one of the thousands of others that have been created throughout human history? I'd hate to see you sent to hell because you were worshipping the god of Jewish mythology instead of say Zeus or Oden.
Keep banging those rocks together.
@Captain Jack
As I mentioned in another thread on this topic, science is asking the questions, "What?" and "How?" Religion is mostly about "Who?" and "Why?" Which God and which religion? Not going to touch that one, other than to say, "Mine, of course." I do feel that if an intelligent creature went through the trouble to make this incredible planet and the life that is on it, that person has a purpose for doing so and would see to it that the said purpose was communicated to those involved. On the other hand, I think it is a valid observaation that 99.9% of religion has been a force for evil rather than good. So, I can see both sides of the argument.
Who created God? That is a question that makes sense in the confines of a linear space/time based universe such as the one we live in. Everything we know of and experience has a begining and an end oriented toward the arrow of time. However, if someone/something were outside of that logical arrangement, then such limitations no longer apply. Hence, if God were not part of the universe, such terms as creation, beginning, and end do not apply to him.
If we were mapping the logical data for this on a chart, everything we are familiar with in a linear universe is either a segment - with a beginning and end, or at least a ray - having a beginning but no discernable end. On the other hand, the existence of God would be a line - going off into infinity in both directions.
Q1. Now that they have a strong confidence of a "light" Higgs (at 125 Gev), could / would they go back and rehash the renormalisation-group equations (RGEs) of the SM to possibly create new physics to associate the Higgs field to quantum gravity (graviton)?
I ask this question in the context that since the Higgs is so light it puts it very close to a unstable (or metastable) vacuum region. (Ellis et al 2009, http://arxiv.org/pdf/0906.0954v2.pdf) ... So, could there be a possibility that the same mechanism that created the gravity field (gravition) also created the Higgs, i.e. Mass ~ f (graviton) ~ f (Higgs) and/or Mass ~ f (graviton, Higgs) ~ f ( spacial vortices due to the expansion of space when the singularity, Big Bang, blow up) ?
Q2. If the above conjecture could be possible, would it be indicating that the ("a") universe could be cyclic? i.e. the vacuum repeatedly fluctuates from stable (now) to unstable (singularity, "the quartic Higgs self-coupling runs at high energy towards lower values. At some point it would turn negative indicating that the vacuum is unstable. In other words the universe could in theory spontaneously explode at some point releasing huge amounts of energy as it fell into a more stable lower energy vacuum state" ... Philip Gibbs), then blows up, "spontaneous" supersymmetry breaking again (Big Bang).
Alright , I get it now ....
Big pharmaceutical companies are promoting this discovery of the mass producing particle called the "Higgs boson" , to begin the production of a "Higgs boson blocking weight loss supplement" that would be worth billions ....
While I find this and physics in general interesting I'll admit openly that I don't really understand it and am glad that there are really smart people out there who can make these videos for people like me.
Perhaps if the HIggs "completes" the standard model, then one might imagine more practical outcomes from this coherent picture. Heaven know just "chasing the animals around the zoo" all these years hasn't left much room for applications of the theory.
"This particle is a manifestation of the field that "tamed" the big bang ... and continues to keep things in sync"
i am the only one that sees the irnoy here, there was some sort of field in place before the big bang? before matter itself existed...so i guess it is still the god particle. asking who created the field is like asking who created god.
No I don't think you are the only one though I think many wouldn't use your made up word.
It seems that no one who has commented here has even the basic understanding of phyics and the universe. Sad. It is a bit complicated but this is a huge "missing" link piece to understanding it all. Calling it the "God particle" or "UnGod particle" doesn't change what it means to how we understand our reality. One step closer.
When insulting someone because of a typo you might want to try and not make the same mistake. It makes you look like even more of a dolt than you did in the first place.
Good catch there BrewMan- wondering if anyone would notice that. Though I don't see where I insulted anyone, it was a irnoy statement. But good for you. What are you going to do with the shiny bright new gold star?
Can this explain why mass becomes more massive as we approach the speed of light? A lot of room for all kinds of interesting new equations? I mean Newton KE = 1/2 mv squared based on KE = integral of Fds, with F being m dv/dt and KE = m dvds/dt = mvdv = 1/2 mv squared. Then Albert came along and he said Mass changes with velocity which made KE = m d(mv)/dt with m = mzero/ square root of (1-v squared/c squared) which gave us E = m c squared - mzero c squared. It seems like the answer to why mass becomes more massive with increasing velocity would really confuse everyone.
Good question, ludvig. Potentially, yes it can. The mass increase is the equivalent to a Higgs boson 'bow wave', where the relativistic matter is passing through the medium (the Higgs Field) faster than the medium can adjust to it. Therefore the Higgs Bosons 'pile-up' in the matter. . .increasing the mass for the relativistic matter.
It's part of the model. . .so it's still up for grabs, but that's my understanding of it.
Oh I forgot to stick a few integral marks in the above. Maybe this Higgs field gets compressed or something or we're running into more of the Higgs field that causes this increase in mass as we near the velocity of light. I suppose if nothing became something with this Higgs Boson, then maybe time doesn't even exist.
I found Larry Krauss' comments regarding the Higgs-Boson to be disingenuous. He is known in Phoenix, Arizona for demagoguery on a wide-range of topics that he is not an authority. And last year his ASU institute hosted a series of discussions billed as debates, but were little more than a platform for him to disparage people he disagrees with and promote his personal philosophy. Since he has demonstrated a level of intellectual dishonesty in areas in which I am equally expert, how can I trust him with a topic in which so few are expert?
When I read his comments regarding something from nothing, I was reminded of many other scientists who because of their philosophical commitment to naturalism, (or just general ignorance) strove mightily to show how something could come from nothing. Yet, their efforts were all ultimately shown to be in vain.
Krauss is just the latest in a long line of misguided scientists who think they can explain the existence of something by asserting spontaneous generation. (a form of religious dogma)
But, as you know, there is no empirical evidence that something can come from nothing, and no amount of grandstanding, ranting, and browbeating from Krauss will change that.
Also, it is important to highlight that the Higgs-Boson is predicted by the standard model, and so has been a part of modern physics for decades... Its possible discovery doesn't change anything, only confirms what has been known for a long time.
Krauss' real issue is likely based on some personal philosophical struggle. The universe, matter, and life are enormously complex. The interactions between the constituent aspects of matter and life are so incredibly coordinated that more and more scientists are concluding that these are designed artifacts rather than things that popped into existence in some primitive form and somehow "evolved" to their present state.
The appeal of something from nothing IS hard to resist. But, it violates all the known laws of physics.
Look around and try to identify something that came from nothing. Then, think about where all of those things came from. In our experience, things come from other things, and so it is logical to conclude that energy and matter were the product of design, and that the information in DNA was also the product of design. That the designer or designers existed or exist outside the universe only makes sense, as they would have had to precede its existence. Regardless, the evidence for design is far stronger than the evidence for spontaneous generation.
But, religious fanatics like Krauss won't allow that question to be asked, let alone discussed, unless they are in full control of the "discussion."
Wait. Who is the religious fanatic here?
I read you espousing an unexplainable designer and a push toward willful ignorance, as all religious minds do. But then I read you accusing the scientist cited in this article as religious?
Puh-lease. Who do you think you are fooling?
The myth believer are continuing to shout "They still have not explained XYZ". YES! We know that. Over time more and more will be uncovered, but I can assure you by putting a myth in the equation will not solve a fking thing.
@Captain Jack
You are right - we don't know if there's a designer, nor do we know the identity or identities of said designer. But, Krauss doesn't know how matter arose from nothing. He is merely speculating that it does. All I am saying is that design is a valid hypothesis regarding the origin of the universe and life. I have no problem with Krauss hypothesizing something from nothing, but the history of science tells us that people who go down that path are ultimately shown to be on the wrong path. Krauss doesn't want you to even consider the possibility of a designer. He is attempting to censor the idea. That is dishonest, and reprehensible for a scientist to do that.
@Greg
I agree with you too - we can't insert a myth such as saying that the universe was created by the Norse God's or by the Flying Spaghetti Monster. What I am saying is that we shouldn't exclude the possibility of design, particularly when our observations suggest it.
Also, scientific facts and theories aren't based on what *might* be discovered in the future, they are based on what is known today and revised as new evidence unfolds. Based on what we know today, it is FAR more likely that the universe, matter and life were designed. By who, how, and why are great mysteries, but make no mistake, when Krauss says something came from nothing, he is blowing smoke.
Wouldn't a designer of such complexity require an even greater designer by that argument?
Yes exactly NukeSector. DaveW is on send. It's going in one ear and out the other.
Guys, what this whole thing comes down to is whether you have faith in something or an almighty God, so you pick one, I'll pick God, and we'll sort it out in eternity
With all this, designed to further confuse the ordinary people like myself, the "great minds" did not try to explain why the sun isn't hot or how they deliberately leave out the most important part of why things recur or reproduce in their likenesses. Yes! They conveniently left out DATA which, as it appears to be hitting everyone over the head with no one seeming to notice, is the most important part of man's - heck, the universe's - existence. Yes! Solid, Liquid, Gas and Data! Suck on this one you brilliant scientists!
You have lost your mind. I didn't understand a word of what you posted. Suck on that.
Troll.
Ed Baby-
The sun is hot. Data is an android in Star Trek. Data is not a state of matter; you mean plasma. The divergence of your mind from the mean scientific mind makes the brilliance ever more notable. The contrast is encouraging. Kudos.
Ayeyiyi!
I'm stupid and I don't understand.........so that must mean my argument is valid!!
There see, I can debate with the best of you.....
Quantum mechanics is a description of mechanics that presumes algebraic relationships between momentum and location ([p,q]=-i h-bar), both of which are now interpreted as operators on a state function (or vector). In this framework, the mechanics is non-relativistic. If you extend the ideas to quantize the state vector, the state vector takes on quanta that look like #'s of particles. It has the Pauli exclusion principle and bose states built in. The momentum operators are now derivatives of the field operators. And it is possible to talk about relativistically covariant mechanics in this model. The thing that looks like "mass" comes from a term in the Hamiltonian that ultimately measures the inertia that the mass shows. If that term is missing, then the particle is "massless." If you have a field (say electromagnetic) that couples to a conserved current in a particle field (say a Dirac field representing electrons/positrons), then the fact that the field is conserved implies a few things. 1) There is an ambiguity in the specification of the electromagnetic field called a guage (it looks like there is an unconstrained function floating around); 2) that guage doesn't contribute physically to the interaction (anything you compute from it tends to disappear, but not entirely -- Bohm-Aharanov effect). When you wrap the electron-positron and electromagnetic field together, some of the mass that the electron demonstrates carries the effect of the interaction of the electron-positron with the electromagnetic field. These interactions actually diverge. But, being pragmatic, you can say "well, what we *measure* is the interacting 'dressed' electron-positron, so we can take that as the parameter and absorb the divergences into the 'bare' theory coefficients." Only problem is that it doesn't always work out. If you start with theories with masses for more complicated systems (quarks as systems to build nucleons from), you cannot remove those divergences. So you *have* to start with a massless theory. If you transform the non-linear terms in the Hamiltonian about a minimum (things are "cool" enough), you get a quadratic term with mass, and a bunch of massless "Goldstone modes." If you absorb them into the gauge phase, and integrate that out, the other particle "swallows" the Goldstone modes, and acquire mass. So in terms of 'puzzle pieces,' you start with massless theories because you have to (otherwise you cannot compute anything without divergences). If this has any connection to reality, the fields we usually see at low energies that describe quarks in nucleons are those described after symmetry breaking, emergence of the Goldstone modes, and swallowing of the Higgs field. At higher energies, the particles should look massless and you'll see a Higgs particle. That means big accelerators. At the same time, it verifies a description that ties together a lot of disparate particle physics - strong interactions, (electro-)weak nuclear interactions, etc, now called the standard model.
One idea of a big bang is that the universe would have started at high densities of mass-energy, and cooled off. At some point, nucleons would form, electrons and nucleons would still be too hot to bind to each other. There would be close coupling between the electromagnetic field and the electron-proton soup. As things cooled down, the electrons bound to the protons making hydrogen atoms. When that happened, the coupling between the electromagnetic field and massive matter got much weaker; the electromagnetic photon soup cooled on its own ever since as the universe continued to expand. The remnant of that is the 3.2K radiation field. Similar decoupling events, symmetry-breaking condensation (Higgs mechanism) events for the "Standard Model" happened earlier on. In that sense, verifying Higgs in these accelerators implies that there is some understanding of some of the constraints relating to states of matter we see today, and the conditions much closer to the Big Bang.
One field not included in all of this is gravity. Formulation of its symmetries in ways that don't diverge seem to want something like strings. Another facet is that as you probe deeper into the structure, it is possible the quarks & Higgs fields have internal structures not revealed, that have also condensed out at earlier stages... just that there's no evidence seen to probe them effectively yet. To that extent, the quantum fields used to describe Higgs may be just another effective field theory that captures the behavior of the states of matter observed so far. However, this model may need tweaking if the BaBar results turn out to be right: http://techland.time.com/2012/06/21/its-the-end-of-the-standard-model-of-particle-physics-as-we-know-it/.
Some of you people are soooooooo funny.
"Notice that the video makes no mention of the Higgs boson as the "God particle." That's a label that Nobel-winning physicist gave to the god-danged particle decades ago, but since then, scientists have come to loathe the term."
RIGHT ON!
"GOD" is a religious concept, rejected by most thoughtful humans. Keep it out of Science 100% of the time. The so-called discovery didn't even reach it's own level of confidence as proscribed by the "scientists", AKA publicity-seekers, who defined it as a "level 5.0 something-or-other". It failed that measurement. Period. Check it out.
It's not necessarily wrong; it's just not proven Science, as defined by the scientists most involved; and it surely should never have been referred to as the "God" particle, as though there could possible be usch a thing.